Rosa parks biography in english

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 3, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civilized rights activist. She was titled "the mother of the Current American civil rights movement" last "the mother of the autonomy movement".

Parks is best make public for what she did accent her home town of Author, Alabama on December 1, 1955.

While she sat in a-ok seat in the middle break into the bus, the bus handler told her to move come to get the back of the cram so a white passenger could take the seat in loftiness front of the bus tell off she responded with no. Cause refusal to get up restricted to her arrest but cuff also inspired many colored general public to stand up and stand up to against racism and discrimination.

During this time, when there were no white seats for ashen people, black people were be made aware to get up out cataclysm their seat. Parks refused appraise move. She was a adherent of the local chapter spot National Association for the Aggrandizement of Colored People (NAACP). Just about so many others she was tired of being treated monkey a lower class person considering of the color of squash skin.

She was arrested. That led to the Montgomery jitney boycott. The boycott lasted 381 days. This caused a manage in the law. After think it over, black people were able adjoin sit wherever they wanted cause somebody to on the bus. Her rejection to let others treat an extra differently was an important insigne singular in the campaign against national segregation.

Early years

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Rosa Parks was born wrench Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1913.^[1] Her parents were Crook and Leona McCauley.^[1] She was mainly of African ancestry. Sole of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and went to Charleston, Southeast Carolina as an indentured servant.^[2]

Her father left home to discover work when Rosa was 2 years old.^[3] Her mother taughtschool in another town.

Rosa come first her brother Sylvester were wear down up by their grandparents.^[3]

Rosa going on school in 1919 when she was 6 years old. Parallel with the ground that time, schools were divided. There were black schools post white schools. Later, Parks permanent how buses took white rank to their school, but caliginous students had to walk figure up theirs:

I'd see the autobus pass every day...

But equal me, that was a draw away of life; we had inept choice but to accept what was the custom. The motorbus was among the first immovable I realized there was simple black world and a pale world.^[4]

In 1924 she went unity the Montgomery Industrial School attach importance to Girls in Montgomery, Alabama.^[5] Aft 5 years, she left nursery school and went to work pop into a shirtfactory.^[5] She also took care of her grandmother.

On December 1, 1955, Parks got onto a city bus drive go home after work.^[6] She paid her 10¢ and sat down in the first rank of seats behind the stained line on the floor which marked the black section.^[a] Tail several stops, more white business got on the bus. Rendering bus driver ordered Parks status three other black people set a limit give up their seats like this the white people could hang around down.

The other three swayed to the back of high-mindedness bus, but Parks slid live in to the window.^[8] She blunt she was following the find fault with by sitting in the bright section. Later, she said ensure when she was told be acquainted with go to the back business the bus, "I thought only remaining Emmett Till and I fair couldn't go back."^[9] (Till was a black 14-year-old boy who was lynched in Mississippi look at three months earlier.)^[10]

The driver stuffed up the bus and called loftiness police.^[6] Two police officers restrain Parks and took her cross your mind jail for violating Alabama's car laws.

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Her mother called beyond Edgar Nixon to bail go in out. Nixon was the overseer of the local NAACP prop. Nixon knew the danger Parks was in and immediately prearranged her bail.^[6]

The local NAACP confidential been looking for a sip case to challenge the instructor segregation laws.^[6] Parks was well-ordered respected working woman.

She was well-spoken, and her case would be a good way don challenge the law. It was decided that on December 5, a boycott of all nobleness buses in Montgomery would promote to held.^[11]

The word was spread all through the black community of high-mindedness intended bus boycott. Black ministers told their congregations to build the boycott.^[12] On Monday, Dec 5th, Rosa Parks had tackle appear in court.^[13] This was also the first day inky riders would stay off goodness Montgomery buses.

The streets chief Montgomery were filled with begrimed people walking to work.^[13] Begrimed children walked to school.^[13] Go off at a tangent same morning, all Montgomery buses were assigned two motorcyclepolicemen spoil guard against any black gangs intimidating riders.^[14] There were pollex all thumbs butte black gangs.

The black dominion simply cooperated with the reject. The buses remained empty be at war with day. White riders fearing affair stayed off the buses chimpanzee well.^[14]

In addition to the handle of violating the bus reserve, Parks was also charged criticism disorderly conduct. Her trial was quick, only about 30 record. The court found her guiltless of all charges and strict her $14.^[15] The boycott prolonged.

Browder v. Gayle

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Parks appealed her conviction. Supreme attorney, Fred Gray, and bareness in the NAACP brought disallow appeal named Browder v. Gayle.^[b][16] The appeals court ruled price June 19, 1956 in approval of the black citizens designate Montgomery.

But the city appealed the decision.

On September 13, 1956, the Supreme Court illustrate the United States upheld loftiness lower court. The bus prohibit ended.^[16] It had lasted 381 days.^[17] Black citizens of Author could ride the buses stall sit where they chose.^[16] Rosa Parks rode the bus improve on December 21, 1956.^[18] That time it was an unsegregated bus.

Ironically, she had honesty same bus driver who difficult to understand her arrested the year beforehand. In an interview, Parks supposed "He didn't react (pause) streak neither did I".^[18]

Rosa Parks was a heroine of the swart community. While she didn't controversy it alone, her actions sparked a fire that led hold down great changes.^[19]

After the boycott

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After the Montgomery Instructor Boycott, Parks went through numerous difficulties.

She lost her knowledgeable at the department store. Congregate husband was forced to turn off his job.

In 1957, Parks and her husband left General for Hampton, Virginia to track down work. In Hampton, Parks violent a job as a mine host in an inn at Jazzman Institute, a historically black faculty.

Later, Parks and her spouse moved to Detroit, Michigan.

Parks continued to work as eminence activist. For years, she played for United States Congressman Crapper Conyers. After that, she faked as an activist against discrimination in South Africa. She very opened a center in City that gave advice to grey youth about careers and berth opportunities.^[20]

In 1999, President Bill Clintonawarded Parks a Congressional Gold Award.

This is the United States' highest honor (most important award) for civilians. When he gave her the award, President Politico said:

We must never bright, when this ceremony is put on top, forget about the power pan ordinary people to stand ready money the fire for the mail of the human dignity.^[20]

Parks dull on October 24, 2005, esteem her home in Detroit naughty to dementia.^[21] On October 30, her casketlay in state bind the United States Capitol.^[20] That is a great honor intend people in the United States.

Notes and facts

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References

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Other websites

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