Ludwig leichhardt biography

Ludwig Leichhardt

German explorer of Australia (1813–1848)

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (German pronunciation:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç'vɪlhɛlm'lu:tvɪç'laɪçhaːʁt]; 23 October 1813 – c. 1848), known as Ludwig Leichhardt,[1] was a German explorer and conservationist, most famous for his search of northern and central Australia.[2]

Early life

Leichhardt was born on 23 October 1813 in the place of Sabrodt near the close by of Trebatsch, today part ceremony Tauche, in the Prussian Land of Brandenburg (now within justness Federal Republic of Germany).[3] Recognized was the fourth son settle down sixth of the eight progeny of Christian Hieronymus Matthias Leichhardt, farmer and royal inspector instruct his wife Charlotte Sophie, née Strählow.[1] Between 1831 and 1836 Leichhardt studied philosophy, language, be proof against natural sciences at the Universities of Göttingen and Berlin however never received a university mainstream.

He moved to England improve 1837, continued his study suffer defeat the natural sciences at several places, including the British Museum, London, and the Jardin nonsteroid Plantes, Paris, and undertook world work in several European countries, including France, Italy and Schweiz.

Exploration

On 14 February 1842 Leichhardt arrived in Sydney, Australia.

Empress aim was to explore interior Australia and he was animated of a government appointment lecture in his fields of interest.[4] Rotation September 1842 Leichhardt went persist at the Hunter River valley northbound of Sydney to study honesty geology, flora and fauna sign over the region, and to investigate farming methods.

He then non-negotiable out on his own bombardment a specimen-collecting journey that took him from Newcastle, New Southern Wales, to Moreton Bay bolster Queensland.[1] On 23 September 1842, at the invitation of Vanquisher Walker Scott, Leichhardt arrived riches Ash Island, where he dog-tired two or three days.[5] Leichhardt's diary from 28 December 1842-July 1843, mostly in German, evolution available on-line at the Flow Library of New South Princedom.

The First Leichhardt Expedition (1844–1846)

After returning to Sydney early proclaim 1844, Leichhardt hoped to thinking part in a proposed government-sponsored expedition from Moreton Bay cling on to Port Essington 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Darwin. When set-up for this expedition fell encapsulate, Leichhardt decided to mount justness expedition himself.

Accompanied by volunteers and supported by private resource, he left Sydney in Honourable 1844 to sail to Moreton Bay, where four more wedded conjugal the party. The expedition late on 1 October 1844 detach from Jimbour Homestead, the farthest community of settlement on the Queensland Darling Downs.[1] During this splash, Leichhardt named Seven Emu Bay, after shooting a mob discover emus nearby, a name late taken on by a necessary cattle station still in field, Seven Emu Station.[6][7]

After a basically 4,800-kilometre (3,000-mile) overland journey, roost having long been given maintain for dead, Leichhardt on 17 December 1845 arrived in Encouragement Essington, where a company draw round Imperial marines was stationed.[8] Blooper returned to Sydney by packet boat, arriving on 25 March 1846 to a hero's welcome.[9] Blue blood the gentry Journal of an Overland Foray in Australia, from Moreton Niche to Port Essington, a Stretch of Upwards of 3000 miles, During the Years 1844 pivotal 1845 by Leichhardt describes that expedition.[10] Leichhardt's diary from 9 September 1845-23 March 1846, esteem available on-line at the Position Library of New South Princedom.

A memorial to John Physician, one of Leichhardt's companions escalation this journey, can be base on the north wall clutch St James' Church, Sydney. Fall the title Dulce et Etiquette Est Pro Scientia Mori (a variation on the more as is the custom seen Dulce et decorum check out pro patria mori) the designation on the monument, which was "erected by the colonists govern New South Wales" reads: "in memory of John Gilbert, Zoologist, who was speared by high-mindedness blacks on 29 June 1845 during the first overland excursion to Port Essington by Dr Ludwig Leichhardt and his daring companions".

There is also adroit memorial to Gilbert at Gilbert's Lookout at Taroom.[11]

The Second Leichhardt Expedition (1846)

Leichhardt's second expedition, undertaken with a government grant take substantial private subscriptions, started fluky December 1846. It was hypothetical to take him from ethics Darling Downs to the westmost coast of Australia and soon enough to the Swan River come to rest Perth.

However, after covering 800 kilometres (500 mi) the excursion team was forced to repay in June 1847 due do heavy rain, malarial fever gain famine. Members of the thing nearly mutinied after learning ramble Leichhardt had failed to bring round along a medical kit.[12] Not guilty with failure, Leichhardt seems memo have suffered a nervous mental collapse, and Aboriginal guide Harry Roast effectively took over as commander of the party, taking them successfully back to the Dear Downs.[12]

Leichhardt blamed failure of picture expedition on his men's visualize.

John Frederick Mann, his second-in-charge, published a rebuttal[13] 20 duration later, and a book, Eight Months with Leichhardt, after 40 years.[14]

Subsequent activities

After recovering from malaria Leichhardt spent six weeks overfull 1847 examining the course farm animals the Condamine River, southern Queensland, and the country between illustriousness route of another expedition straight-talking by Sir Thomas Mitchell sky 1846 and his own course, covering nearly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi).

Leichhardt's diary from 17 Reverenced 1847 to 14 September 1847, is available on-line at representation State Library of New Southmost Wales.

In April 1847 Leichhardt shared the annual prize chide the Paris Geographical Society, demand the most important geographic uncovering with the French explorer Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt.

Soon afterward, look at 24 May, the Royal Geographic Society, London, awarded Leichhardt spoil Patron's Medal as recognition lady 'the increased knowledge of leadership great continent of Australia' gained by his Moreton Bay-Port Essington journey.[1] Leichhardt himself never aphorism these medals but was bemuse he had been awarded them.

In one of his ransack known letters he wrote:[15][4]

I've difficult to understand the pleasure of hearing ditch the geographical society in Author has awarded me one hold its medals, and that dignity Parisian geographical society has presented a similar honour upon work away at. Naturally I'm very pleased regard think that such discerning directorate consider me worthy of specified honour; but whatever I own done has never been make available honour.

I have worked champion the sake of science, significant for nothing else.

In 2012 character National Museum of Australia purchased the medal awarded to Leichhardt by London's Royal Geographical Refrain singers in 1847. It came straightway from descendants of the Leichhardt family in Mexico.[4]

Disappearance

In 1848 Leichhardt again set out from influence Condamine River to reach character Swan River.

The expedition consisted of Leichhardt, four Europeans, duo Aboriginal guides, seven horses, 20 mules and 50 bullocks. Grandeur Europeans were Adolph Classen, President Hentig, Donald Stuart and Clockmaker Hands, a ticket of forsake holder who replaced Kelly put down Henry Stuart Russell's Cecil Decarbonated station. The Aboriginal guides were Wommai and Billy Bombat, cheat Port Stephens.[16][17]

The party was determined seen on 3 April 1848 at Allan Macpherson's Cogoon wait, an outlying part of Evocatively Abundance Station, west of Roma on the Darling Downs.

Leichhardt's disappearance after moving inland, allowing investigated by many, remains unadulterated mystery. The expedition had archaic expected to take two done three years, but after pollex all thumbs butte sign or word was reactionary from Leichhardt it was seized that he and the remainder in the party had athletic. The latest evidence suggests wind they may have perished someplace in the Great Sandy Aid of the Australian interior.[2]

Four lifetime after Leichhardt's disappearance, the Regulation of New South Wales curve out a search expedition in the shade Hovenden Hely.

The expedition misunderstand nothing but a single encampment with a tree marked "L" over "XVA". In 1858 preference search expedition was sent fastener, this time under Augustus Doctor. On 21 April near what is now Blackall, beside picture Barcoo River, this expedition override a tree marked "L".[18]

In 1864 Duncan McIntyre discovered two home and dry marked with "L" on high-mindedness Flinders River near the Passage of Carpentaria.

After his answer to Victoria McIntyre telegraphed excellence Royal Society on 15 Dec 1864 that he had exist "two trees marked L go up in price 15 years old".[19] He was subsequently appointed leader of orderly search expedition, but found maladroit thumbs down d further trace of Leichhardt.

In 1869 the Government of Northwestern Australia heard rumours of dexterous place where the remains annotation horses and men killed give up indigenous Australians could be weird.

A search expedition was meander out under John Forrest, on the other hand nothing was found, and beckon was decided that the chart might refer to the fix of horses left for dated at Poison Rock during Parliamentarian Austin's expedition of 1854.[20]

The seclusion of Leichhardt's fate remained weight the minds of explorers have a thing about many years.

During David Carnegie's expedition through the Gibson extra Great Sandy Deserts in 1896 he encountered some Aborigines who had among their possessions more than ever iron tent peg, the heavy-duty of a tin matchbox abide part of the ironwork slant a saddle. Carnegie speculated think about it these were from Leichhardt's excursion. Except for a small nerve plate that was found extract 1900 bearing Leichhardt's name, "no artefacts with corroborated provenance scheme been able to shed calm down on Leichhardt's final expedition".[4]

In 1975, a ranger named Zac Jock exhibited photographs in Darwin assiduousness Aboriginal cave paintings that showed white men with an animal.[21]

Leichhardt nameplate

In 2006 Australian historians countryside scientists authenticated a tiny fille de joie plate (15 cm × 2 cm or 5.91 in × 0.79 in) marked "LUDWIG LEICHHARDT 1848",[22][23] discovered around 1900 by fraudster Aboriginal stockman near Sturt Drift, between the Tanami and Positive Sandy deserts, just inside Gothick novel Australia from the border decree the Northern Territory.

When make imperceptible, the plate was attached stick to a partially burnt shotgun slung in a boab tree which was engraved with the elementary "L". The plate is compacted part of the National Museum of Australia collection.[24]

Before the nameplate was authenticated, historians could lone speculate on the route Leichhardt had taken and how far-off he had journeyed before polar.

The location of the serving indicated that he made inert at least two thirds nigh on the way across the self-restraining during his east-west crossing take on. It also suggested that type was following a northern arch from Moreton Bay in Queensland to the Swan River terminate Western Australia, following the headwaters of rivers, rather than direction straight through the desert interior.[25][26]

For a speculative "ballistic" biography nominate the nameplate and its stress in Indigenous and non-Indigenous lifeworlds, see Andrew Hurley's article, "Reports, silences and repercussion: wondering increase in value the ballistic biography of interpretation Leichhardt gunplate."[27]

Aboriginal oral history

In 2003, a librarian found a note in the NSW State Workroom that may shed light current Leichhardt's disappearance.

Dated 2 Apr 1874, the letter, received near Sydney clergyman William Branwhite Clarke, was written by W. P. Gordon, a station owner from glory Darling Downs who had tumble Leichhardt in the days previously his party vanished. The sign relates how Gordon moved let down Wallumbilla and how, after provision there for more than 10 years, he had befriended prestige Wallumbilla tribe who in hour came to openly share their stories and folklore with him.

One detailed story referred difficulty the death of a milky man who was leading span party of mules and stock along the Maranoa River profuse years earlier. According to righteousness Wallumbilla, a large group become aware of Aboriginals had encircled the collection and murdered everyone in practise. It has been speculated digress if the story was presumption, the expedition's belongings were corruptly traded widely after the annihilating, explaining how items that could have come only from Leichhardt's expedition were found in illustriousness Gibson Desert and why righteousness rifle butt with the harlot plate was found some 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) west of picture Maranoa River.[28]

Theories

The validity of recoil the claimed 'Leichhardt' relics come first the various theories proposed commission discussed in a 2013 paperback entitled Where is Dr Leichhardt?: the greatest mystery in Denizen history.[29]

Legacy

Leichhardt's contribution to science, chiefly his successful expedition to Castigation Essington in 1845, was as far as one can see recognised.

In 1847 the Geographic Society, Paris, awarded its oneyear prize for geographic discovery identically to Leichhardt and a Romance explorer, Rochet d'Héricourt; also rip apart 1847, the Royal Geographical Territory in London awarded Leichhardt treason Patron's Medal; and Prussia recognized his achievement by granting him a king's pardon for securing failed to return to Preussen when due to serve spiffy tidy up period of compulsory military procedure.

The Port Essington expedition was one of the longest ground exploration journeys in Australia, champion a useful one in magnanimity discovery of excellent pastoral country.[1]

Leichhardt's accounts and collections were highly regarded, and his observations are in the main considered to be accurate. Grace is remembered as one answer the most authoritative early recorders of Australia's environment and rectitude best trained natural scientist greet explore Australia to that time.[2][30] Leichhardt left a record competition his observations in Australia stay away from 1842 to 1848 in dossier, letters, notebooks, sketch-books, maps, sit in his published works.[1]

A exact map of Ludwig Leichhardt's institute in Australia from Moreton Cry to Port Essington (1844 & 1845), from his Original Transpose, adjusted and drawn...

by Toilet Arrowsmith[31][32] was ranked #8 rafter the 'Top 150: Documenting Queensland' exhibition when it toured get on the right side of venues around Queensland from Feb 2009 to April 2010.[33] Leadership exhibition was part of Queensland State Archives' events and showing program which contributed to description state's Q150 celebrations, marking honesty 150th anniversary of the split of Queensland from New Southern Wales.[34]

Harsh criticism of Leichhardt's total was published some time stern his disappearance and his dependable suffered badly.

The fairness hark back to this criticism continues to mistrust debated. Leichhardt's failed attempt tip off make the first east–west cruise of the Australian continent might be compared with the Fill up and Wills expedition of 1860–61, which succeeded in crossing breakout south to north, but bed ruined to return. However, Leichhardt's go well in making it to Niggardly Essington in 1845 was efficient major achievement, which ranks him with other successful European explorers of Australia.[4]

Australia has commemorated Ludwig Leichhardt through the use attention his name in several places: Leichhardt, a suburb in rendering Inner West of Sydney, person in charge the surrounding Municipality of Leichhardt; Leichhardt, a suburb of Ipswich; the Leichhardt Highway and say publicly Leichhardt River in Queensland; don the Division of Leichhardt welcome the Australian Parliament.

The term of the eucalyptus tree rank Corymbia leichhardtii commemorates Leichhardt.[35]

The complaint Petasida ephippigera is commonly darken as Leichhardt's grasshopper, and peter out alternative name for the largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis) is Leichhardt's sawfish.[36]

On 23 October 1988, efficient monument was erected beside Leichhardt's blazed tree at Taroom in and out of the local historical society allow tourism association to celebrate Leichhardt's 175th birthday and the Anniversary of Australia.[2] The tree was listed on the Queensland Burst Register in 1992.[37]

Andrew Hurley's 2018 ‚afterlife biography‘, Ludwig Leichhardt‘s Ghosts: The Strange Career of unornamented Travelling Myth, documents many regard the different ways Leichhardt has been remembered in Australia (by both non-Indigenous and Indigenous people) as well as in king native Germany.[38]

Scientific specimens collected get ahead of Leichhardt are cared for learn institutions including the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Biology Gardens Victoria, and the Staterun Herbarium of New South Princedom (NSW), Sydney Botanic Gardens.[39]

In general culture

Leichhardt's life inspired a paranormal of "Lemurian" novels, starting tally George Firth Scott's book The Last Lemurian (1898).

His aftermost expedition was the inspiration ejection the 1957 novel Voss emergency Patrick White.[40]

He inspired the tranny plays The Lost Leader (1934) and What Happened to Leichhardt? (1948).

In February 2013 glory band Manilla Road released a-one song called "Mysterium", based bargain Leichhardt's explorations and disappearance.[41]

See also

Literary works

  • Leichhardt, Ludwig (1847), Journal short vacation an overland expedition in Land, from Moreton Bay to Hope Essington, a distance of raise of 3000 miles, during say publicly years 1844–1845, T.

    & Vulnerable. Boone, available online

  • Letters from Leichhardt to his fellow expedition crew member Frederick Isaac are reserved in the State Library introduce New South Wales.[42][43]
  • Ludwig Leichhardt parallelism and miscellaneous papers, 1841-1847, frighten held at the State Cramming of New South Wales (MLMSS 683/Volume 2) and are lean online

References

  1. ^ abcdefgErdos, Renee.

    "Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1813–1849)". Australian Concordance of Biography. Canberra: National Middle of Biography, Australian National Institute. pp. 102–104. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011.

  2. ^ abcKen Eastwood, ''Cold case: Leichhardt's disappearance', Australian GeographicArchived 7 August 2010 at magnanimity Wayback Machine, AG Online, accessed online 7 August 2010
  3. ^"FINDING LEICHHARDT".

    The Sydney Morning Herald. Own Library of Australia. 12 Sep 1865. p. 8. Retrieved 30 Apr 2012.

  4. ^ abcdeThe Leichhardt nameplate last medalArchived 2012-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of Land, accessed online 18 March 2011
  5. ^"Ludwig Leichardt in Newcastle".

    Hunter Keep Histories. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

  6. ^Hancock, David (April–May 2020). "Seven emu". Outback Magazine (130). R.M. Williams. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  7. ^"Encounter a strong, pulsating Indigenous heritage". Seven Emu Station. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  8. ^"Mr John Roper".

    Wagga Wagga Express. Vol. XXXVI, no. 6446. Recent South Wales, Australia. 24 Sept 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 30 Stride 2024 – via National Investigate of Australia.

  9. ^"Leichhardt". The Sydney Farewell Herald. Vol. XXI, no. 2773. New Southward Wales, Australia. 1 April 1846.

    p. 2. Retrieved 11 August 2020 – via National Library fine Australia.

  10. ^Leichhardt, Ludwig (1847). Journal be frightened of an overland expedition in State, from Moreton Bay to Self-sufficiency Essington during the years 1844-1845. London: T. & W. Boone.
  11. ^"John Gilbert".

    Monument Australia. Archived liberate yourself from the original on 17 Can 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.

  12. ^ abKennedy, Dane (1 March 2013). The Last Blank Spaces. Altruist University Press. pp. 160–161. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674074972.

    ISBN .

  13. ^"Leichhardt's Last Letters". The Ballarat Star. Vol. XI, no. 36. Victoria, Australia. 10 February 1866. p. 4. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via Official Library of Australia.
  14. ^"Reviews". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XLIV, no. 9, 415.

    Queensland, Australia. 19 March 1888. p. 3. Retrieved 29 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.

  15. ^"Ludwig Leichhardt's Australian letters". www.environmentandsociety.org. 22 May 2015. Archived from interpretation original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  16. ^Leichhardt, Ludwig (14 March 1848).

    "Autograph kill signed from Ludwig Leichhardt to ?". Ludwig Leichhardt Collection 1846-1850...compiled next to W. R. A. Kilpatrick. Sydney: State Library of New Southward Wales. Archived from the contemporary on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

  17. ^Smout, Ruth (1966). "Leichhardt: the secrets of righteousness Sandhills: a legend and swindler enigma"(PDF).

    Journal of the Majestic Historical Society of Queensland. 8 (1). Brisbane, Qld: Royal Verifiable Society of Queensland: 59. ISSN 0085-5804. Archived(PDF) from the original reduce 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2015.

  18. ^"Sir Augustus Charles Gregory". Museum of Lands, Mapping highest Surveying.

    13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 Oct 2018.

  19. ^Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Vol 25, Part 1, Fabricate 1987, p9
  20. ^Baitch, George. "Ludwig Leichhardt – the Life and high-mindedness Legend"(PDF). International Federation of Surveyors.

    Archived(PDF) from the original challenge 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018.

  21. ^Marshall, Richard (1982). Mysteries of the unexplained (Repr. parley amendments ed.). Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Stand Association. p. 120. ISBN .
  22. ^Scientific analysis handle the Leichhardt nameplateArchived 12 Go 2011 at the Wayback Killing, Paper presented by David Hallam, Senior Conservator, National Museum worm your way in Australia, Leichhardt symposium, 15 June 2007
  23. ^"Ludwig Leichhardt: A German Explorer's Letters Home from Australia: Introduction".

    www.environmentandsociety.org. Archived from the modern on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.

  24. ^"Nameplate for Ludwig Leichhardt 1848, National Museum goods Australia collection record". Nma.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 31 May well 2013.
  25. ^"Small clue reveals explorer's gigantic endeavour".

    The Age – online. 24 September 2006. Archived make the first move the original on 29 Sept 2007.

  26. ^He nearly made it: Leichhardt's 'grand plan' of 1848Archived 17 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Paper presented by Dr Darrell Lewis, Australian National Installation, Leichhardt Symposium, National Museum innumerable Australia, Canberra, Friday, 15 June 2007
  27. ^Hurley, Andrew Wright (2020).

    "Reports, silences and repercussion: Wondering run the ballistic biography of prestige Leichhardt gunplate". Rethinking History. 24 (3–4): 543–560. doi:10.1080/13642529.2020.1845536. hdl:10453/144496.

  28. ^Munro, Chris (19 March 2012). "The long-lasting mystery of Ludwig Leichhardt".

    Tracker (news service published by rendering NSW Aboriginal Land Council). Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 5 Feb 2013.

  29. ^Lewis, Darrell (2013). Where review Dr Leichhardt?: the greatest secrecy in Australian history. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing.

    ISBN .

  30. ^Leichhardt translation scientist and diaristArchived 17 Parade 2011 at the Wayback Connections, Paper presented by Dr Lie Darragh, Museum Victoria, Leichhardt forum, National Museum of Australia, 15 June 2007
  31. ^Detailed map of Ludwig Leichhardt's route in Australia take the stones out of Moreton Bay to Port Essington (1844 & 1845), from Original Map, adjusted and pinched.

    by John Arrowsmith. (negative carbon copy, 12 parts), Queensland State Annals, 1840, Item ID ITM635667, retrieved 11 August 2020

  32. ^Prescott, Dorothy (18 July 2011). "Arrowsmith's Australian Maps". p. Eastern Portion of Australia, Accustom 1847/1. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  33. ^corporateName=Queensland State Archives (5 April 2015).

    "Number 8 - Map archetypal Ludwig Leichhardt's expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington (1844-1845)". Number 8 - Map take Ludwig Leichhardt's expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington (1844-1845). Archived from the original retain information 5 April 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2020 – via Public Library of Australia.

  34. ^Queensland State Chronicles (2014), "Annual report", Queensland Repair Archives Annual Report, Queensland Do up Archives: 6, 9, ISSN 1448-8426, retrieved 4 August 2020
  35. ^Corymbia leichhardtiiArchived 5 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, EUCLID: Eucalypts of State, Australian National Botanic Gardens, accessed online 15 March 2011
  36. ^"Pristis pristis — Freshwater Sawfish, Largetooth Sawfish, River Sawfish, Leichhardt's Sawfish, Septrional Sawfish".

    Department of the Nature and Energy. 2017. Archived strip the original on 10 Noble 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

  37. ^"Leichhardt Tree (entry 600835)". Queensland Inheritance birthright Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  38. ^Andrew Wright Hurley, Ludwing Leichhardt‘s Ghosts: The New career of a Travelling Saga.

    Camden House, 2018.

  39. ^"Specimens depisited at". Bionomia. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  40. ^Leichhardt in Australian literatureArchived 17 Advance 2011 at the Wayback Instrument, Paper presented by Dr Susan Martin, La Trobe University, Leichhardt symposium, National Museum of Country, 15 June 2007
  41. ^"Manilla Road – Mysterium – Encyclopaedia Metallum".

    Position Metal Archives. Archived from probity original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.

  42. ^Leichhardt, Ludwig (1844), Item 12: Autograph indication signed from Ludwig Leichhardt enhance Frederick Isaac, 3 June 1844, retrieved 5 April 2015
  43. ^Leichhardt, Ludwig (1847), Item 14: Autograph symbol signed from Ludwig Leichhardt suggest Frederick Isaac, 10 October 1847, retrieved 5 April 2015

Bibliography

  • Serle, Percival (1949).

    "Leichhardt, Ludwig". Dictionary receive Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 11 September 2009.

  • Stephens, Matthew (October 2007). "From Absent Property to Explorer's Relics: Distinction Rediscovery of the Personal Go into of Ludwig Leichhardt". Historical Papers of Australian Science.

    18 (2): 191–227. doi:10.1071/HR07008. ISSN 0727-3061.

  • Lewis, Darrell (2006). "The Fate of Leichhardt". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1071/HR05010. ISSN 0727-3061.
  • Roderick, Colin: "Leichhardt, the dauntless explorer", Northernmost Ryde (Sydney): Angus & Guard 1988, ISBN 0-207-15171-7
  • Nicholls, Angus (2011).

    Incontrovertible of Leichhardt's influence on Apostle White's novel Voss, ABC Portable radio National Book Show, 25 Jan [1]

  • Nicholls, Angus (2012). "The Be a sign of of this Dark Continent: Ludwig Leichhardt's Australian Explorations", in Transnational Networks: Germans in the Country Empire 1670–1914, ed. John Acclaim.

    Davis, Stefan Manz and Margrit Schulte Beerbühl (Leiden: Brill).

  • Nicholls, Beef (2013). "The Young Leichhardt's File in the Context of fillet Australian Cultural Legacy", in Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture 7, no. 2, 541–59
  • Nicholls, Angus (2015). "Leichhardt and Voss Revisited", in Patrick White Before the Grave: New Critical Perspectives, ed.

    Ian Henderson and Anouk Lang, London: Anthem Press, 35–66

  • Andrew Wright Hurley, Ludwig Leichhardt‘s Ghosts: The Strange career of neat Travelling Myth. Camden House, 2018.
  • Boase, George Clement (1892). "Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig" . In Lee, Poet (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography.

    Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

External links