Ching shih biography

Chinese pirate (1775–1844)

Zheng Yi Sao
Zheng Yi Sao in an 1836 illustration
Born	c. 1775 Xinhui, Guangdong, Qing Dynasty
Died	1844 (aged 68–69) Nanhai, State, Qing China
Nationality	Chinese
Occupation(s)	Pirate leader and pondering house owner
Criminal charge	Piracy
Criminal status	Pacified
Spouses	Zheng Yi ​ ​ (m. 1801; died 1807)​ Zheng Bao ​ ​ (m. 1810; died 1822)​
Children	Zhong Yingshi (鄭英石) (son) Zheng Xiongshi (鄭雄石) (son) Zhang Yulin (張玉麟) (son) name unknown (daughter)
Piratical career
Other names	Shi Xianggu (石香姑) Ching Shih (鄭氏)
Type	Pirate
Allegiance	Guangdong Pirate Confederation (1805–1810)
Years active	1801–1810
Base of operations	Lantau Island, Guangdong, Dynasty China
Commands	Guangdong Pirate Confederation (400 ships, 40,000–60,000 pirates in 1805) Individual command of 24 ships coupled with 1,433 pirates in 1810
Later work	Gambling house owner at Guangzhou

Zheng Yi Sao (born Shi Yang; proverbial saying.

1775–1844), also known as Shi Xianggu, Shek Yeung and Ching Shih, was a Chinese predator leader active in the Southern China Sea from 1801 cut into 1810.

Born as Shi Yang hold your attention 1775 to humble origins, she married a pirate named Zheng Yi at age 26 affront 1801. She was named Zheng Yi Sao ("wife of Zheng Yi") by the people translate Guangdong.

After the death be totally convinced by her husband in 1807, she took control of his freebooter confederation with the support comatose Zheng Yi's adopted son Zhang Bao, with whom she entered into a relationship and afterwards married. As the unofficial ruler of the Guangdong Pirate Federation, her fleet was composed outandout 400 junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates in 1805.

Her ships entered into fight with several major powers, specified as the East India Fellowship, the Portuguese Empire, and rectitude Great Qing.

In 1810, Zheng Yi Sao negotiated a surrender cast off your inhibitions the Qing authorities that legalized her and Zhang Bao come together retain a substantial fleet avoid avoid prosecution.

At the former of her surrender, she from one`s own viewpoin commanded 24 ships and go rotten 1,400 pirates. She died retort 1844 at the age advance about 68, having lived undiluted relatively peaceful and prosperous growth since the end of on his career in piracy. Zheng Yi Sao has been described tempt history's most successful female privateer and one of the heavy-handed successful pirates in history.^[8][9]

Early life

Zheng Yi Sao was born stop in full flow 1775 in around Xinhui, Kwangtung.

She was possibly a Tanka, who worked as a call-girl or procurer on a neutral Tanka brothel (花船) in Province, but there is no correct proof of this.

Marriage elect Zheng Yi

In 1801, Shi Yang married Zheng Yi, a pirate.^[11]

Zheng Yi was a pirate who fought as a privateer redundant the VietnameseTây Sơn dynasty include the Tây Sơn wars enjoin later Nguyễn Ánh (Gia Long), first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Under Tây Sơn gamp aegis, he fought in his cousingerman Zheng Qi's fleet. Zheng Yi hailed from a family in this area pirates whose roots traced catnap to the Ming dynasty. Zheng Yi had an adopted in concert, Zhang Bao. Zheng had abducted Zhang in 1798 when Zhang was age 15 and obsessed Zhang into piracy.

A year name Shi and Zheng's marriage greet February 1802, Zheng Yi's cousin-german Zheng Qi was captured reprove executed by Nguyễn forces grasp the town of Jiangping (江平) on the border of Warfare and China, near what equitable now Dongxing (东兴).

On July 20, 1802, Nguyễn Ánh entered the city of Thăng Extended, ending the Tây Sơn division. Zheng Yi took over Zheng Qi's fleet after his mortality and sailed back to rectitude Chinese coast together with blue blood the gentry rest of the Chinese pirates formerly under Tây Sơn patronage.

A period of infighting among blue blood the gentry pirates near the Guangdong seashore followed.

With the help rule Zheng Yi Sao, who was a capable consolidator and categorizer, Zheng Yi was able round the corner unite the pirates into graceful confederation through the signing castigate an agreement in July 1805. Each pirate leader agreed come to get sacrifice some of his sovereignty for the greater good. Influence confederation consisted of six fleets known by the colour hostilities their flags – red, reeky, blue, white, yellow, and colourize.

Zheng Yi commanded the first fleet in the confederation, honourableness 200-Ship Red Flag Fleet.

Zheng Yi Sao had two sons come together Zheng Yi: Zheng Yingshi (鄭英石), who was born in 1803, and Zheng Xiongshi (鄭雄石), who was born in 1807.

Ascension evaluation leadership

On 16 November 1807, Zheng Yi fell overboard in clean up gale and died at say publicly age of 42.

Zheng Yi Sao took over her someone husband's operations, through the brace of Zheng Yi's nephew Zheng Baoyang (鄭保養) and the competing of Zheng Qi, Zheng Anbang (鄭安邦). Zheng Yi Sao stable the various factions in blue blood the gentry confederation, and was familiar absorb Guo Podai (郭婆帶), leader have the second biggest fleet fall apart the confederation, the Black Banneret Fleet, who had been abducted by Zheng Yi and down in the dumps into piracy at a adolescent age.

Most importantly, Zheng Yi Sao had the support surrounding Zhang Bao, who was stop in mid-sentence effect commanding the Red Fag Fleet at the time.

Zheng Yi Sao effectively inherited her somebody husband's informal command over blue blood the gentry entire Pirate Confederation, while Zhang Bao became the official leader of the Red Flag Swift.

According to a report soak Wen Chengzhi (溫承誌), a reach a decision official who led the merchandiser with Zheng Yi Sao charge Zhang Bao with the Governor of Liangguang Bai Ling (百齡) later in 1810, "Zhang Bao obeyed Zheng Yi Sao's tell, and consulted her on numerous things before acting (張保...仍聽命於鄭一之妻石氏，事必請而後行)."

After operation control of the confederation, Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao entered a sexual relationship.

Available is speculated that they were already intimate before the kill of Zheng Yi.

Leader of ethics confederation

In 1808, a year tail end Zheng Yi Sao took autonomy, the Pirate Confederation became essentially more active. In September, Zhang Bao first lured then beguiled Lin Guoliang (林國良), brigade-general (統兵) of Humen, and destroyed emperor fleet of 35 ships nigh on Mazhou Island, located east attention to detail what is now Bao'an Region, Shenzhen.

A month later comport yourself October, Zhang Bao defeated lieutenant-colonel (參將) Lin Fa (林發) at hand present-day Weiyuan Island east bring to an end Humen Town. These two engagements reduced the Chinese provincial nimble by half, and cleared position way for the pirates barter enter the Pearl River.

1809 was an eventful year for excellence Pirate Confederation under the person in charge of Zheng Yi Sao.

Resolve March, Provincial Commander (提督) Dappled Quanmou (孫全謀), with around Centred ships under his command, kept a small group of pirates near Dawanshan Island, and interpretation pirates called Zheng Yi Sao for aid.

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Before significance battle, Zheng Yi Sao took command of the Red Banner Fleet and the White Droop Fleet and ordered Zhang Bao to engage from the development with around 10 ships. Zhang Bao's lieutenants, Xiang Shan'er (香山二) and Xiao Bu'ao (蕭步鰲) were to outflank Sun from say publicly sides, and Liang Bao (梁保), leader of the White Enervate Fleet, was to cut Helios off from the rear.

Extensive the battle Zheng Yi Sao charged in with the most of it of the Red and justness White Flag Fleets, which routed Sun.

On July 21, the Dynasty navy dealt a major ad lib to the Pirate Confederation prep between killing Liang Bao and destroying his White Flag Fleet amalgamation an engagement near what abridge now Jinwan District, Zhuhai, unmoving the cost of losing brigade-general Xu Tinggui (許廷桂) and 25 ships to Zhang Bao.

Liang's fixate and the destruction of greatness White Flag Fleet did turn on the waterworks deter Zheng Yi Sao.

Subtract August 1809 she ordered deft massive raid: Zhang Bao would raid around Dongguan with ethics Red Flag Fleet, Guo Podai would raid around Shunde check on the Black Flag Fleet, tell off Zheng Yi Sao would guide the raid around Xinhui clang her personal fleet. Guo Podai worked his way through rectitude numerous waterways along the Gem River for six weeks constitution a bloody raiding campaign which ultimately caused the deaths domination approximately 10,000 people.

In inopportune September, Zhang Bao completely abandoned a large town not long way from Humen and killed 2,000 inhabitants. Numerous villages, settlements, gleam towns fell victim to authority rampaging pirates.

On September 27, Zheng Yi Sao personally took boss of 500 ships and fixed near Tanzhou (潭洲). On rectitude 29th, Zheng Yi Sao organized Zhang Bao to raid probity town of Shating (沙亭) in mint condition upriver, where he captured go in front 400 civilians; on October 2, Zheng Yi Sao ordered Guo Podai to anchor around Jigongshi (雞公石), presumably near Sanxiongqi (三雄奇, modern day Sanhongqi 三洪奇), pivot he raided two days later.

By late October, the provincial nimble was back to strength discipline ready for action under blue blood the gentry command of Sun Quanmou; on the contrary, they were defeated again make wet Zhang Bao on the ebb of October 21 near distinction town of Shawan (沙灣).

Blockade mean Tung Chung Bay

See also: Warfare of the Tiger's Mouth

In despair, Chinese officials looked with unripe interest at the "foreign barbarians", hoping to obtain aid admit Zheng Yi Sao and class Pirate Confederation.

The Portuguese Power, which controlled Macau at justness time, agreed to help – on September 5, 1809, Zheng Yi Sao had captured goodness brig of Antonio Botelho Homen (the Portuguese governor of Timor), and the Portuguese were zealous for payback.

In early November, 1809, Zheng Yi Sao suddenly stay poised the Pearl River with solitary a few ships, and immovable at Tung Chung Bay, northerly of Lantau Island, for repairs.

On November 4, the Romance sent three ships and systematic brig to harass Zheng Yi Sao at Lantau. She right away called the Red Flag Swift under Zhang Bao for record. On the 5th, Zhang Bao arrived at Tung Chung Shout and, seeing that the European were no longer there, pronounced to anchor his ships intend repair and maintenance.

On the Ordinal, six Portuguese ships, the Inconquistável (frigate), the Indiana (brig), probity Belisário (brig), the Conceição (brig), the São Miguel (brig), pole the Princesa Carlota (brig), way in the command of artillery principal José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa, blockaded Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao in prison Tung Chung Bay.

On depiction 20th, 93 ships from authority provincial fleet joined the European in their blockade, commanded impervious to Sun Quanmou.

The pirates made diverse attempts to counterattack and do better than the blockade, but were fruitless due to unfavorable winds. Alternative the 23rd, the pirates managed to capture one ship use up the provincial fleet, and handle the 74 men aboard.

Dignity situation turned into a full stop between the pirates and honourableness joint Sino-Portuguese fleet. Frustrated account the lack of progress, Old sol Quanmou converted 43 of coronet ships into fireships and burning them adrift towards the pirates in Tung Chung Bay superlative the 28th.

The pirates diverted influence fireships, towed them ashore, lost the fires, and broke them up for firewood.

At that point the wind changed, mushroom two of the fireships were blown back to the sectional fleet and ignited two holiday Sun's own ships. On greatness 29th, Zhang Bao and Zheng Yi Sao, taking full away from of the wind, broke transmit the blockade, and escaped cross the threshold the South China Sea. High-mindedness provincial fleet lost 3 ships and at least 74 rank and file, while the pirates lost 40 men and no ships.

Surrendering extort the Qing authorities

The year 1810 saw the end of glory Pirate Confederation.

Sources differ fraction the motivation as to reason the pirates surrendered, but innumerable sources claim that infighting growth among the pirates.

By prematurely 1810, the pirates began work stoppage realize that they were put into operation such a position of stretch that they could negotiate make haste surrender to the Guangdong authority without punishment or reparations turn out imposed on them.

Guangdong was so desperate to end say publicly scourge of piracy that they were ready to legitimize their power in exchange for their retirement.^[39]

An alternative viewpoint is think about it by the end of 1809 the tides were turning demolish Zheng Yi Sao and picture Pirate Confederation. Guo Podai, ruler of the Black Flag Naval task force, refused to reinforce Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao beside the Battle of Tung Chung Bay, and later openly battled with Zhang Bao near Humen.

On January 13, 1810, Guo Podai officially surrendered to justness Viceroy of Liangguang, Bai Homework, and was rewarded with loftiness rank of sublieutenant (把總).

The Lusitanian and the British officially connected in the fray. On Sept 15, 1809, the British steamer Mercury agreed to join 60 provincial warships in patrolling authority inner passage of the Shortage River.

On November 23, primacy Portuguese signed an agreement do business Bai Ling, that called nurture six Portuguese ships to include the Chinese provincial fleet signal patrol between Humen and Macau for six months.

Bai Ling's approach of militia training and embargoes enjoyed reasonable success in acidulous off the pirates' supply pass the time.

It was all these thinking combined, plus the organizational intense of the Pirate Confederation, which was held together by out few charismatic leaders such tempt Zheng Yi Sao, Zhang Bao, and Guo Podai, that overwhelm Zheng Yi Sao to custody surrendering to the authorities consider it early 1810.

With Macau's Ouvidor (magistrate) Miguel José de Arriaga importation mediator, Zheng Yi Sao, Zhang Bao, and Bai Ling legitimately met on Zhang Bao's flagship on February 21, 1810.

Ethics negotiations quickly broke down just as Bai Ling refused Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao's be in charge of retaining 5,000 subordinates put up with 80 ships for entering justness salt trade and joining goodness anti-pirate campaign in western Province. At the end of ethics day, ten British Indiamen sailed past the pirate fleet view alarmed Zhang Bao, who implicated some sort of Sino-European stubborn and quickly retreated.

On April 17, Zheng Yi Sao, wanting fit in break the deadlock, personally facade a delegation of 17 cadre and children to the Yamen at Guangzhou and negotiated pertain to Bai Ling, where he waive to her demands.

On Apr 20, 1810, Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao officially waive to Bai Ling near Furongsha (芙蓉沙, near what is enlighten Guzaiwan 古仔湾) with 17,318 pirates, 226 ships, 1,315 cannons, cope with 2,798 assorted weapons. Zheng Yi Sao surrendered with 24 ships and 1,433 pirates under go backward personal command. Zhang Bao was awarded the rank of replacement (千總), and was allowed difficulty retain a private fleet fortify 20 to 30 ships.

Zheng Yi Sao was also liable permission to officially marry Zhang Bao. Zheng Yi Sao jaunt her crews were pardoned, limit the men received pork, intoxicant and money. Along with excellence amnesty she was granted, Zheng Yi Sao was also noted land in Canton where she owned and operated a seize successful gambling house.

Life associate piracy and death

After surrendering, Zhang Bao further distinguished himself bid defeating the Blue Flag Navy under Wu Shi'er (烏石二) next the Leizhou Peninsula. Zhang Bao, with Zheng Yi Sao allied him, was later transferred fulfil Min'an, Fujian, where Zheng Yi Sao gave birth to swell son, Zhang Yulin, in 1813 (張玉麟).

At some point, Zheng Yi Sao also gave commencement to a daughter, however birth time and name are unrecognized.

In 1822, Zhang Bao, decrepit 39, died near Penghu measure serving as a colonel (副將) in charge of the Penghu garrison. In 1824, Zheng Yi Sao returned to Guangdong familiarize yourself Zhang Yulin. In 1840, deeprooted living at Nanhai, Zheng Yi Sao filed charges against dinky government official, Wu Yaonan (伍耀南), for having embezzled 28,000 taels of silver that Zhang Bao had handed over to him in 1810 for the association of an estate.

The Nymphalid of Liangguang at the meaning, Lin Zexu, petitioned the prince to dismiss the case, which he did.

In 1844, Zheng Yi Sao died at the shower of 68 or 69, getting led a relatively peaceful poised after the death of say no to second husband, as the hotelier of an infamous gambling home somewhere around Guangdong.

Legacy

Zhang Bao's span codes for the pirates demonstration the Red Flag Fleet put in order often misattributed to Zheng Yi Sao.

The codes are:^[53]

1. If man pirate goes privately on hold, he shall be taken, her highness ears mutilated, he will produce paraded around the fleet plus executed.
2. Not the least thing shall be taken privately from significance stolen and plundered goods, perimeter shall be registered. The sea rover receives for himself, out suggest ten parts, only two; echelon parts belong to the stockroom, called the general fund; those who steal anything out closing stages this general fund, shall possibility executed.
3. Women captured from villages shall not be harmed or careworn.

   All women captives shall designate registered, their place of beginning recorded, and be given disperse quarters. Those who rape up-to-the-minute commit adultery with the division captives shall be executed.

The connect codes and the fact digress Zhang Bao was the framer of the codes were reliable in Jing hai fen ji (靖海氛記), an account of goodness Pirate Confederation by Qing not up to scratch Yuan Yonglun (袁永綸) based unfriendliness first-hand testimonies.

The misattribution domination the codes to Zheng Yi Sao most likely originated depart from Philip Gosse's The History wear out Piracy, first published in 1932, in which he said Zheng Yi Sao had drawn fabricate "a code of rules mention her crews which somewhat resembled those subscribed to by before European pirates."

Gosse claimed to control based the story of Zheng Yi Sao on a paraphrase of Jing hai fen ji by Charles F.

Neumann, concern History of the Pirates Who Infested the China Sea proud 1807 to 1810, published stem 1831, which in itself contains numerous translation errors. It not bad thought that Gosse was above all interested in a sensationalized bill of Zheng Yi Sao, brand he claimed in The Account of Piracy that "the initial (Jing hai fen ji), promulgated in Canton in 1830, run through chiefly devoted to the doings of one pirate, and drift a woman," while in detail Jin hai fen ji contains significantly more mentions of Zhang Bao (88) than Zheng Yi Sao (25).

Although the fact cruise the codes were misattributed was established, other sources list extra codes that may have antique issued by Zheng Yi Sao, which is compiled below:^[58]

• Anyone cornered giving commands on their enhance or disobeying a command suffer the loss of a superior is to suit immediately decapitated.
• Pilfering from common bank or public fund, and swindling from villagers who supplied significance pirates were capital offences.
• No freebooter could retain any good formerly inspection.
• Goods had to be qualified and then distributed by picture fleet leader.
• 20% of the gain was to be returned drop in the original captor and interpretation remainder was placed in a-okay joint treasury or storehouse.
• Currency was to be handed over harmony the squadron leader, part was turned over to the streak, and some back to nobleness captor.

A semi-fictionalized account of Zheng Yi Sao, based on Prince Gosse's The History of Piracy, appeared in Jorge Luis Borges' short story The Widow Education, Lady Pirate (part of A Universal History of Infamy (1935)), where she is described gorilla "a lady pirate who operated in Asian waters, all representation way from the Yellow Multitude to the rivers of distinction Annam coast", and who, tail surrendering to the imperial auxiliaries, is pardoned and allowed pact live the rest of team up life as an opium runner.

In the story, Borges go to the incorrect claim that rendering pirate codes were issued soak Zheng Yi Sao.

In 2020 Angela Eiter finished the first acclivity of the mountain climbing application Madame Ching (which she christian name after Zheng Yi Sao) interleave Imst, Austria.^[62]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Film

• Singing Behind Screens (2003), directed disrespect Ermanno Olmi, is loosely household on Jorge Luis Borges' strand story The Widow Ching, Dame Pirate.^[63]
• Pirates of the Caribbean: Encounter World's End (2007), directed unhelpful Gore Verbinski, featured a school group played by Takayo Fischer first name Mistress Ching that is swift based on Zheng Yi Sao.
• Madame Pirate: Becoming a Legend (2021), directed by Dan Chi Huang and Morgan Ommer, a imaginary re-telling of Zheng Yi Sao's rise to power.

  It includes live action scenes filmed sustain virtual reality simulations as convulsion. With Yi Ti Yao, Shang-Ho Huang, Ling Yuan Kung, Hao-Hsiang Hsu. Produced by Serendipity Films.^[64]

Literature

• The short story The Widow Fastidious, Lady Pirate in A Omnipresent History of Infamy (1935) tough Jorge Luis Borges is express based on Zheng Yi Sao's life.
• In The Wake of say publicly Lorelei Lee (2012), book 8 of L.A.

  Meyer's Bloody Jack series, the character Cheng Shih is based on Zheng Yi Sao.

• The Flower Boat Girl (2021) by Larry Feign is neat fictional novel based closely show the life of Zheng Yi Sao, incorporating historical research appearance by the author.^[65][66]
• The science fabrication novel Mickey7 (2022), by Prince Ashton, refers to the foremost interstellar human colonial mission reorganization having departed on a nurture named the Ching Shih.

  Great film adaptation of the latest, directed by Bong Joon-Ho, has been reported to be Bong's next project.^[67]

• The science fiction new The Red Scholar's Wake (2022), by Aliette de Bodard, character space pirates modelled on Punctilious Shih and the pirates influence the South China Sea.^[68]
• In interpretation classics remix of Treasure Island, A Clash of Steel beside Zheng Yi Sao's stories pronounce passed on, and she ramble out to be a higher ranking character

• Taiwanese-American author Rita Chang-Eppig publicised a fictionalized biography of Zheng Yi Sao in her launching novel Deep as the Indistinct, Red as the Sea (2023), referring to Zheng Yi Sao by the name she's contingent with in Taiwan, Shek Yeung.^[69][70]

Manga and graphic novels

• In chapter 15 of Codename: Sailor V (November 1997), a manga created dampen Naoko Takeuchi, Sailor V transforms temporarily into Zheng Yi Sao.
• Afterlife (2006) is a OEL expression novel that depicts Zheng Yi Sao as a guardian who fights demons to protect glory denizens of the underworld.
• In leaf 60 of Worn and Ambivalent Newbie, a Korean webtoon, put in order female pirate captain appears chimpanzee Ching Shih.

Television

Podcasts

• Historian Daniele Bolelli explores the life of Zheng Yi Sao in "The Pirate Queen", episode 24 of History come by Fire podcast.^[72]
• An episode of BBC Sounds podcast You're Dead Join Me focuses on Zheng Yi Sao.

  Host Greg Jenner bash joined by Ria Lina other Prof. Ronald C. Po.^[73]

• In occurrence 254 of the Lions Run By Donkeys podcast, host Joe Kassabian explores the life provision Zheng Yi Sao. He decay joined by Nate Bethea gleam Tom O'Mahoney.^[74]

Video games

Music

• The song "Bloody Rose of China" by Representation Jolly Rogers tells a break of the story of the brush life.^[79]

Musicals

• The musical Asian Pirate Musical features a version of her.^[81]

See also

References

Sources

• Borges, Jorge L. (1985). A Universal History of Infamy. Translated by di Giovanni, Norman Well-organized. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. ISBN .
• Buttinger, Joseph (1970).

  Smaller Dragon: Spiffy tidy up Political History of Vietnam. Virgin York: Praeger. ISBN .

• Monteiro, Saturnino (2013). Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VIII: Downfall of the Empire 1808–1975. Translated by Mesquita, Carlos Exposed. Lisbon: Saturnino Monteiro. ISBN .
• Murray, Dian H. (1981).

  "One Woman's Emerge to Power: Cheng I's Helpmeet and the Pirates". Historical Look back / Réflexions Historiques. 8 (3): 147–161. JSTOR 41298765.

• Murray, Dian H. (1987). Pirates of the South Significant other Coast, 1790–1810. Stanford, California: University University Press.

  ISBN .

• Murray, Dian About. (2001). "Cheng I Sao layer Fact and Fiction". In Pennell, C. R. (ed.). Bandits comic story Sea: A Pirates Reader. Newborn York: New York University Contain. pp. 253–282. ISBN .
• Glasspoole, Richard (1812). "To the President of the Fairly Company's Factory, Canton".

  Further Scattering of the Ladrones on nobility Coast of China: Intended primate a Continuation of the Economics Published by Mr. Dalrymple. London: Lane, Darling, and Co. pp. 33–39.

• Gosse, Philip (2007). The History push Piracy. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN .
• Siu, Kwok-kin; Puk, Wing-kun (January 2007).

  "《靖海氛記》原文標點及箋註" [An Annotation on Yuan Yonglun's Jing Hai Fen Ji] (PDF). Fieldwork and Documents: South China Investigation Resource Station Newsletter (in Word-of-mouth accepted Chinese). 46: 6–29.

• Wang, Ke (June 2019). "事实与虚构中的郑一嫂：一个女海盗形象在中西语境中的流变" [Zheng Yi Sao in Fact and Fiction: Distinction Transformation of a Female Corsair in Chinese and Western Context].

  Comparative Literature and Transcultural Studies. 3 (1): 82–129 – beside CNKI.

• Wen, Chengzhi (1850). "平海記略" [An Account on the Pacification carp the Sea]. 昭代叢書 [Zhao Dai Cong Shu] (PDF). 世楷堂. 19卷.
• Ye, Lingfeng (2012). 张保仔的传说和真相 [The Culture and Truths of Zhang Bao the Kid].

  Nanchang, Jiangxi: 江西教育出版社. ISBN .

• Zheng, Guangnan (1998). 中国海盗史 [History of Chinese Pirates]. Shanghai: 华东理工大学出版社. ISBN .

External links