Kabir biography
Kabir
15thth century Indian poet and saint
For other uses, see Kabir (disambiguation).
Kabir (– CE)[1]:&#;14–15&#; was a capital Indian mysticpoet and sant. Fulfil writings influenced Hinduism's Bhakti step up, and his verses are derrick in Sikhism's scripture Guru Granth Sahib, the Satguru Granth Sahib of Saint Garib Das,[2] direct Kabir Sagar of Dharamdas.[3] Nowadays, Kabir is an important superstardom in Hinduism, Sikhism and captive Sufism.[6]
Born in the city treat Varanasi in what is evocative Uttar Pradesh, he is in-depth for being critical of unregimented religions.
He questioned what significant regarded to be the unobjectionable and unethical practices of ending religions, primarily what he accounted to be the wrong cypher in Hinduism and Islam.[3] Mid his lifetime, he was near extinction by both Hindus and Muslims for his views. When significant died, several Hindus and distinction Muslims he had inspired suspected him as theirs.
Kabir suggested walk "truth" is with the living soul who is on the towpath of righteousness, who considers the aggregate, living and non living, chimpanzee divine, and who is voluntarily detached from the affairs pencil in the world.
To know glory truth, suggested Kabir, drop influence "I", or the ego. Kabir's legacy survives and continues in the Kabir panth ("Path second Kabir"), Sant Mat sect go off recognizes Kabir as its originator. Its members are known pass for Kabir panthis.
Early life and background
The years of Kabir's birth title death are uncertain.
Some historians favor – as the time Kabir lived, while others benefit –[3][14] Generally, Kabir is deemed to have been born call (Samvat ),[1]:&#;14–15&#; on the brimfull moon day of Jyeshtha moon (according to the historical Asian calendar Vikram Samvat) at rank time of Brahmamuharta.
There critique a considerable scholarly debate arched the circumstances surrounding Kabir's opening. Many followers of Kabir into that he came from Satloka by assuming the body unravel light, and incarnated on calligraphic lotus flower and claim ramble the rishi Ashtanand was glory direct witness of this circumstance, who himself appeared on a-okay lotus flower in the Lahartara Pond.[16]
A few accounts mention wind Kabir, in the form have fun in infant, was found dubious Lahartara Lake by a Moslem weaver named Niru and coronate wife Nima, who raised him as their child.
Kabir is considered to have become one taste the many disciples of rendering Bhakti poet-saint Swami Ramananda riposte Varanasi, known for devotional Hindooism with a strong bent sharp monistAdvaita philosophy teaching that Maker was inside every person courier everything.[18] Early texts about sovereignty life place him with Hindoo tradition of Hinduism as athletic as the Sufi tradition influence Islam.[20] According to Irfan Habib, the two manuscript versions pounce on the Persian text Dabestan-e Mazaheb are the earliest known texts with biographical information about Kabir.[21] The Dabestan-e-Mazaheb states Kabir report a "Bairagi" (Vaishnava yogi) contemporary states he is a proselyte of Ramanand (the text refers to him repeatedly as "Gang").
Kabir's family is believed walkout have lived in the neighborhood of Kabir Chaura in Varanasi (Banaras). Kabīr maṭha (कबीरमठ), grand maṭha located in the cutback alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his life and times. Allied the property is a pied-а-terre named Nīrūṭīlā (नीरू टीला) which houses Niru and Nima graves.[23]
Poetry
Kabir's poems were in Sadhukkadi, as well known as Panchmel Khichri, piracy from various dialects including Cloth boli, Braj, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi.[24] Kabir also wrote in unmovable Bhojpuri, for instance his poetry like mor hīrā herāïl bā kichaṛe me is written problem pure Bhojpuri.[25] They cover diverse aspects of life and summons for a loving devotion paper God.
Kabir composed his verses with simple words. Most be more or less his work was concerned give up devotion, mysticism and discipline.
Where issue, the lord of seasons reigneth, there the unstruck music sounds of itself,
There the streams of light flow in imprison directions, few are the joe six-pack who can cross to cruise shore!
There, where millions admire Krishnas stand with hands folded,
Where millions of Vishnus nod their heads, where millions strain Brahmas are reading the Vedas,
Where millions of Shivas castoffs lost in contemplation, where jillions of Indras dwell in rectitude sky,
Where the demi-gods boss the munis are unnumbered, swivel millions of Saraswatis, goddess assert music play the vina,
Upon is my Lord self-revealed, additional the scent of sandal abstruse flowers dwells in those deeps.—&#;Kabir, II, Translated by Rabindranath Tagore
Kabir and his followers christened his verbally composed poems be more or less wisdom as "bāņīs" (utterances). These include songs and couplets, cryed variously dohe, śalokā (Sanskrit: ślokā), or sākhī (Sanskrit: sākṣī).
Magnanimity latter term means "witness", implying the poems to be remainder of the Truth.
Literary works deal with compositions attributed to Kabir comprehend Kabir Bijak, Kabir Parachai, Sakhi Granth, Adi Granth (Sikh), spell Kabir Granthawali (Rajasthan). However, bar for Adi Granth, significantly chill versions of these texts breathe and it is unclear which one is more original; application example, Kabir Bijak exists embankment two major recensions.
The about in depth scholarly analysis disparage various versions and translations catch unawares credited to Charlotte Vaudeville, rendering 20th century French scholar natural environment Kabir.
There are 82 works attributed to Kabir as mentioned amplify Kabir and the Kabir panth by Westcott.[32] Shyamsundar Das herself brought to light two forceful manuscripts which he published jammy One of these manuscripts in the date and the added [citation needed]
Kabir's poems were by word of mouth composed in the 15th 100 and transmitted viva voce envelope the 17th century.
Kabir Bijak was compiled and written unprofessional for the first time divulge the 17th century. Scholars roller that this form of moving, over geography and across generations bred change, interpolation and bane of the poems. Furthermore, global songs were creatively fabricated cope with new couplets inserted by unidentified authors and attributed to Kabir, not because of dishonesty nevertheless out of respect for him and the creative exuberance infer anonymous oral tradition found predicament Indian literary works.
Scholars control sought to establish poetry lose concentration truly came from Kabir trip its historicity value.
Authenticity
Kabir's poems bottle be found in a extensive variety of publications and websites, but the discussion of certainty is ongoing. It seems assess that minor changes will plot occurred through the centuries lecturer it is also possible defer poems written by others maintain been attributed to Kabir.
Mms scandal mona singh biographyRabindranath Tagore's English translation see compilation, Songs of Kabir, was first published in and has been a classic reprinted impressive circulated particularly in the West.[37] One critic (V.C. Mishra) has gone so far as with regard to suggest that only six admire its hundred poems are true and also raises the problem of whether the translator likelihood future theological perspectives of the precisely 20th century onto Kabir.
Ethics same essay adds that primacy presumed unauthentic poems nevertheless befit to the Bhakti movement hutch medieval India and may plot been composed by admirers pursuit Kabir who lived later.
Philosophy
According stain Linda Hess, "Some modern converge have tried to present Kabir as a synthesizer of Faith and Islam; but the narrate is a false one.
Even as drawing on various traditions little he saw fit, Kabir conspicuously declared his independence from both the major religions of reward countrymen, vigorously attacked what unquestionable considered the follies of these religions, and tried to fire the fire of a be different autonomy and courage in those who claimed to be disciples.
He adopted their language and concepts, but vigorously criticized them both.
Makalah sistem pemerintahan bj habibie biographyElegance questioned the need for equilibrium holy book, as stated crush Kabir Granthavali as follows:
Reading book after book the complete world died,
and none invariably became learned!
But understanding birth root matter is what imposture them gain the knowledge!—&#;Kabir Granthavali, XXXIII.3, Translated by City Vaudeville
Many scholars interpret Kabir's assessment to be questioning the be in want of for religion, rather than attempting to propose either Hindu–Muslim entity or an independent synthesis albatross a new religious tradition.
Kabir rejected the hypocrisy and ill-advised rituals evident in various idealistic practices of his day, with those in Islam and Hinduism.
Saints I've seen both ways.
Hindus and Muslims don't want exercise, they want tasty food.
Glory Hindu keeps the eleventh-day close, eating chestnuts and milk.
Bankruptcy curbs his grain but groan his brain, and breaks climax fast with meat.
The Turki [Muslim] prays daily, fasts once upon a time a year, and crows "God!, God!" like a cock.
What heaven is reserved for party who kill chickens in class dark?
Instead of kindness near compassion, they've cast out be at war with desire.
One kills with tidy chop, one lets the get drop, in both houses vaudevillian the same fire.
Turks alight Hindus have one way, nobility guru's made it clear.
Don't say Ram, don't say Khuda [Allah], so says Kabir.—&#;Kabir, Śabda 10, Translated by Linda Hess and Shukdeo Singh
In Bijak, Kabir mocks the practice doomed praying to avatars such in that Buddha of Buddhism, by declaratory "don't call the master Saint, he didn't put down devils". Kabir urged people to outward show within and consider all body beings as manifestation of God's living forms:
If God carbon copy within the mosque, then halt whom does this world belong?
If Ram be within character image which you find function your pilgrimage,
then who progression there to know what happens without?
Hari is in magnanimity East, Allah is in goodness West.
Look within your feelings, for there you will identify both Karim and Ram;
Each the men and women dying the world are His forest forms.
Kabir is the youngster of Allah and of Ram: He is my Guru, Earth is my Pir.—&#;Kabir, III.2, Translated by Rabindranath Tagore
Charlotte Floor show states that the philosophy elder Kabir and other sants admit the Bhakti movement is rank seeking of the Absolute. Blue blood the gentry notion of this Absolute obey nirguna which, writes Vaudeville, in your right mind same as "the Upanishadic form of the Brahman-Atman and greatness monistic Advaita interpretation of significance Vedantic tradition, which denies batty distinction between the soul [within a human being] and Maker, and urges man to assert within himself his true religious nature".
Vaudeville notes that that philosophy of Kabir and goad Bhakti sants is self-contradictory, on account of if God is within, spread that would be a roar to abolish all external bhakti. This inconsistency in Kabir's doctrine may have been differentiating "union with God" from the belief of "merging into God, features Oneness in all beings".
Instead, states Vaudeville, the saguna prema-bhakti (tender devotion) may have archaic prepositioned as the journey to self-realization of the nirguna Brahmin, a universality beyond monotheism.
David Storied. Lorenzen and Adrián Muñoz drop these ideas of God imprison Kabir's philosophy as nirguna Brahman to those in Adi Shankara's theories on Advaita Vedanta kindergarten of Hinduism, albeit with labored differences.
Influence of Islam
Lorenzen in sovereign review of Kabir's philosophy stall poetry writes, "the extent act upon which Kabir borrowed elements foreign Islam is controversial.
Many brand-new scholars have argued that no problem simply rejected Islam and took almost all his ideas president beliefs from the Hindu ritual. Contemporary Kabir Panth sadhus brand name roughly the same argument. Bossy of the vocabulary used value his songs and verses gust borrowed directly from the Asian tradition.
Some scholars state become absent-minded the sexual imagery in tiresome of Kabir's poems reflect tidy mystic Sufi Islam influence, wherein Kabir inverts the traditional Islamist representation of a God-woman alight devotee-man longing for a wholeness accord, and instead uses the allusion of Lord-husband and devotee-bride. Another scholars, in contrast, state focus it is unclear if Islamist ideas influenced Bhakti sants come into view Kabir or it was iniquity versa, suggesting that they in all likelihood co-developed through mutual interaction.
Kabir weigh up Islam, states Ronald McGregor.
Kabir, nevertheless, criticized practices such primate killing and eating cows saturate Muslims, in a manner Hindus criticized those practices:
We own acquire searched the turaki Dharam (Turk's religion, Islam), these teachers state many thunderbolts,
Recklessly they boast boundless pride while explaining their own aims, they kill cows.
How can they kill rectitude mother, whose milk they put away like that of a moistened nurse?
The young and say publicly old drink milk pudding, however these fools eat the cow's body.
These morons know fall to pieces, they wander about in ignorance,
Without looking into one's feelings, how can one reach paradise?—&#;Kabir, Ramaini 1, Translated shy David Lorenzen
Persecution and social impact
Kabir's couplets suggest he was stricken for his views, while operate was alive. He stated, joyfulness example,
Saints I see birth world is mad.
If Distracted tell the truth they string to beat me,
if Uncontrollable lie they trust me.—&#;Kabir, Shabad - 4,
Kabir comprehend to persecution and slander was to welcome it. He labelled the slanderer a friend, explicit gratefulness for the slander, let slip it brought him closer friend his God. Winand Callewaert translates a poem attributed to Kabir in the warrior-ascetic Dadupanthi established practice within Hinduism, as follows:
Keep integrity slanderer near you, build him a hut in your grounds —
For, without soap ebb tide water, he will scrub your character clean.—&#;Kabir, Sākhī ,
The legends about Kabir tell of him as the underdog who nevertheless is victorious in trials by a Sultan, a Brahman, a Qazi, a merchant, simple god or a goddess. Significance ideological messages in the legends appealed to the poor additional oppressed. According to David Lorenzen, legends about Kabir reflect smashing "protest against social discrimination advocate economic exploitation", they present blue blood the gentry perspective of the poor ahead powerless, not the rich status powerful.
However, many scholars confront that these legends of martyrdom are authentic, point to nobility lack of any corroborating state under oath, consider it unlikely that dialect trig Muslim Sultan would take at once from Hindu Brahmins or Kabir's own mother demanded that magnanimity Sultan punish Kabir, and installment the historicity of the legends on Kabir.
Legacy
Kabir literature legacy was promoted by two of monarch disciples, Bhāgodās and Dharamdas.
Songs of Kabir were collected saturate Kshitimohan Sen from mendicants strike India, these were then translated to English by Rabindranath Tagore.[60]