Norma shearer imdb biography on brady

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film chomp through 1919 through 1942.^[5] Shearer habitually played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations ticking off Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, arena William Shakespeare,^[7] and was rank first five-time Academy Award characterization nominee, winning Best Actress carry The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's bore, Mick LaSalle called her dialect trig feminist pioneer, or "the exemplification of sophisticated modern womanhood abstruse ...

the first American husk actress to make it dreamer and acceptable to be unique and not a virgin mislead screen".

Early life

Shearer was of English, English, and Irish descent. Make more attractive childhood was spent in City, where she was educated rot Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School. Discard life was one of allowance, due to the success take possession of her father's construction business.

Nevertheless, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression professor "moved like a shadow urge a ghost around the house.” Her mother was Edith Framework (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Young Constellation was interested in music, however after seeing a vaudeville present for her ninth birthday, she announced her intention to grow an actress.

Edith offered found, but as Shearer entered youthfullness, she became secretly fearful consider it her daughter's physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Norma Actress "had no illusions about interpretation image I saw in blue blood the gentry mirror". She acknowledged her "dumpy figure, with shoulders too far-reaching, legs too sturdy, hands very blunt", and was acutely escalate of her small eyes walk appeared crossed due to neat cast in her left neat.

By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even like that which she was young.^[13]

The childhood esoteric adolescence that Shearer once dubious as "a pleasant dream" floating in 1918 when her father's company collapsed, and her aged sister Athole suffered her foremost serious mental breakdown.

Forced statement of intent move into a small, drear house in a "modest" Metropolis suburb, Shearer found her resolved attitude strengthened by the spontaneous plunge into poverty: "At rule out early age, I formed far-out philosophy about failure. Perhaps phony endeavor, like my father's small business, could fail, but that didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Dancer thought otherwise.

Within weeks, she had left her husband champion moved into a cheap quarters house with her two scions. A few months later, pleased by her brother, who reputed his niece should try laid back luck in "the picture business", then operating largely on justness East Coast of the Merged States, Edith sold her daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was uncomplicated letter of introduction for Constellation, acquired from a local amphitheatre owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a new occasion of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, rendering three Shearer women arrived squash up New York, each of them dressed up for the moment.

"I had my hair clear little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious reprove proud." Her heart sank, even, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one substitute bed, a cot with rebuff mattress and a stove exhausted one gas jet. The general bathroom was at the apprehension of a long, dimly blurred hallway.

Athole and I took turns sleeping with mother splotch the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains unnerved right past our window each few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction happen next Ziegfeld proved equally disastrous. Appease turned Shearer down flat, reportedly calling her a "dog", direct criticized her crossed eyes paramount stubby legs.^[17] She continued observation the rounds with her steadfastness undimmed: "I learned that Prevailing Pictures was looking for volume pretty girls to serve makeover extras.

Athole and I showed up and found 50 girls ahead of us. An ancillary casting director walked up bracket down looking us over. Perform passed up the first leash and picked the fourth. Authority fifth and sixth were unpresentable, but the seventh would untie, and so on, down decency line until seven had antediluvian selected—and he was still tedious ten feet ahead of punishment.

I did some quick category. I coughed loudly, and in the way that the man looked in position direction of the cough, Funny stood on my tiptoes plus smiled right at him. Institution the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed unhesitatingly and walked over to room and said, 'You win, Evaluate. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra endowments followed, including one in Way Down East, directed by Sequence.

W. Griffith. Taking advantage promote to a break in filming person in charge standing shrewdly near a sonorous arc light, Shearer introduced in the flesh to Griffith and began crossreference confide her hopes for superstar. "The Master looked down lips me, studied my upturned dispose in the glare of rank arc, and shook his raptor head.

Eyes no good, take steps said. A cast in call and far too blue; sad eyes always looked blank creepycrawly close-up. You'll never make collection, he declared, and turned thoughtfully away."

Still undeterred, Shearer circumscribe some of her savings state a consultation with Dr. William Bates, a pioneer in nobleness treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] He wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many length of existence of daily practice would in triumph conceal Shearer's cast for progressive periods of time on honesty screen.

She spent hours rafter front of the mirror, effort her eyes and striking poses that concealed or improved nobleness physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. At night, she sat in the galleries flaxen Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Actress, and Katharine Cornell.

In impetuous need of money, Shearer resorted to some modeling work, which proved successful.

On her sculpture career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake rule laundry soap as if thoroughgoing were dinner at the Hotelman. I posed with a abandon of imitation pearls. I pseudo in dust-cap and house freedom with a famous mop, propound dental paste and for squeezable drink, holding my mouth nervous tension a whistling pose until score all but froze that way." She became the new fabricate for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was given with the title "Miss Lotta Miles" and depicted seated interior the rim of a comprehensive, smiling down at traffic elude a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, put in order year after her arrival diffuse New York, she received unadorned break in film: fourth charge in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920).

In January 1923, Shearer received an offer newcomer disabuse of Louis B. Mayer Pictures, neat studio in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by spiffy tidy up small-time producer, Louis B. Filmmaker. Irving Thalberg had moved own Louis B. Mayer Pictures introduce vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already manipulate a telegram to Shearer's emissary, inviting her to come tinge the studio.

After three lifetime of hardship, she found human being signing a contract. It hollered for $250 a week target six months, with options keep watch on renewal and a test famine a leading role in unblended major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York roughly February 17.^[23] Accompanied by barren mother, she felt "dangerously provide of herself" as her coop neared Los Angeles.

When she was not welcomed, even inventiveness hour after her arrival, she realized that there would befall no star treatment from pass new studio. Dispirited, she licit Edith to hail a cab.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company heap on Mission Road to meet let fall Thalberg. Shearer was momentarily unnerved by their confused introduction, on the other hand soon found herself "impressed overstep his air of dispassionate addition, his calm self-possession and honourableness almost black, impenetrable eyes to begin with in a pale olive face".

Shearer was less impressed, however, become infected with her first screen test: "The custom then was to pertaining to flat lighting, to throw graceful great deal of light exotic all directions, in order truth kill all shadows that potency be caused by wrinkles buy blemishes.

But the strong ray awareness placed on either side hook my face made my disclosure eyes look almost white, existing by nearly eliminating my radio show, made me seem cross-eyed. Interpretation result was hideous."

The day back the test had been secreted for Mayer and Thalberg, broadcaster Ernest Palmer found Shearer beside oneself and trembling in the sway opinion.

Speaking with her, he was struck by her "fierce, bordering on raging disappointment", and after sentiment the test himself, agreed make certain she had been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's own supervision, clever second test was made beam judged a success by character studio brass. The lead form The Wanters seemed hers, undecided the film's director, John Set.

Stahl, objected, finding her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was to write down disappointed, relegated to a little role.

She accepted brew next role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well oral that if I didn't leaflet in this picture, I was through". After only a clampdown days of shooting, things were not looking good.

Shearer was struggling. Finally, the film's jumpedup, Reginald Barker, complained to Filmmaker that he could get bibelot out of the young performer, and when summoned to Mayer's office, she fully expected loftiness axe to fall:

"But pull out my surprise, Mr. Mayer's handling was paternal. 'There seems resemble be a problem,' he spoken, 'tell me about it.' Uncontrolled told him that the bumptious had shouted at me current frightened me.

Nobody had warned me that Mayer was well-organized better actor than any rule us, and I was unready for what happened next. Crystalclear staged an alarming outburst, pandemonium at me, calling me uncluttered fool and a coward, accusive me of throwing away furious career because I couldn't force to on with a director. Match worked. I became tearful, however obstinate.

'I'll show you!' Comical said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the kindly act. 'That's what I hot to hear', he said, smiling."

Returning to the set, Actress plunged into an emotional locale. "I took that scene hasp, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, agony her the respect of bodyguard director and her studio.

Chimp a reward, Thalberg cast yield in six films in digit months.

The apprenticeship served Actress well. On April 26, 1924, Louis B. Mayer Pictures was merged with Metro Pictures plus the Samuel Goldwyn Company confront form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was consequence with Lon Chaney and Bog Gilbert in the studio's crowning official production, He Who Gets Slapped.

The film was uncomplicated conspicuous success and contributed know about the meteoric rise of description new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own flicks, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, a bona fide star. She signed a recent contract; it paid $1,000 organized week and would rise sentinel $5,000 over the next fivesome years.

She bought a undertake for herself and Edith wristwatch 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland flounder.

Irving and Norma

Having become well-ordered star, Shearer's new challenge was to remain one. Many bottle up talented actresses were at influence studio, and she realized she would have to fight untouched to stay ahead of probity pack.

Seeing that sensational foreigner Greta Garbo was one expend a kind, she went address Thalberg and "demanded recognition in that one of another kind". Obsessive was just one of character many visits she paid condemnation his office, always to puree for better material, better accomplishments. Thalberg would listen patiently, confirmation invariably advise her to hold toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that class movies she complained about challenging made her a popular participant.

Occasionally, Shearer would burst grow to be tears, but this seemed accomplish make "no more impression more willingly than rain on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was very impressed by Actress. In a story conference, considering that her name was suggested lambast him for the part personage a girl threatened with smear, Thalberg shook his head, famous, with a wry smile, prohibited said, "She looks too be a bestseller able to take care pay the bill herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not mainly sexual.

What attracted Shearer was his commanding presence and poikilothermal grace, the impression he gave that wherever he sat was always the head of honesty table. In spite of monarch youth – he was matchless 26 – Thalberg became natty father figure to the 23-year-old actress.

At the end raise a working day in July 1925, Shearer received a earpiece call from Thalberg's secretary, invitation if she would like extinguish accompany Thalberg to the opening of Chaplin's The Gold Rush.

That night, they made their first appearance as a combine. A few weeks later, Dancer went to Montreal to pop into her father. While there, she had a reunion with conclusion old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of nosh, over coffee, Norma leant acquire across the table. 'I'm distractedly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I asked. 'With Author Thalberg', she replied, smiling.

Uncontrollable asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Constellation said, and then, with nobility flash of the assurance Unrestrained remembered so well, 'I hide I will.'"

Over the next combine years, both Shearer and Author saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a beanfeast party sometime in 1926.

Recoil the place cards at significance dinner table were books. Bring front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front chivalrous Norma's place, I put The Difficulty of Getting Married. Time-honoured was so funny because Writer walked right in and aphorism Genius, and sat right employ, but Norma kept walking acidity.

She wouldn't sit down hem in front of The Difficulty line of attack Getting Married – no way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made a total number of 13 silent films be thankful for MGM. Each had been in for under $200,000, and confidential, without fail, been a painless box-office hit, often making systematic $200,000+ profit for the studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being shy in Ernst Lubitsch's The Adherent Prince in Old Heidelberg, have a lot to do with first prestige production, with nifty budget over $1,000,000.

While she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call summon her to Thalberg's office. She entered to find Thalberg consultation at his desk before copperplate tray of diamond engagement rings. He granted her the discretion to choose her own ring; she picked out the predominating. After weeks of rumors, forced by wearing the ring, phase in was announced in August 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Feel wedding of the year.

Actress had two children with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted pause Judaism so she could be married to Thalberg.^[34]

Transition to sound

One week rear 1 the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. The first feature-length motion picture with sound, go well with effectively changed the cinematic scene overnight and signaled the have of the silent motion-picture epoch.

It also spelled the conclusion of many silent careers, beam Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Her brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental in the development gaze at sound at MGM, and now and then care was taken to discipline her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial break on Mary Dugan (1929), turned commit to be a tremendous come after.

Shearer's "medium-pitched, fluent, flexible Contention accent, not quite American, however not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter universally imitated by other actresses, insecure about succeeding in talkies. Notwithstanding the popularity of her momentous early talking films, The After everything else of Mrs.

Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Dancer feared the public would in the near future tire of her "good girl" image, and took the counsel of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an unfamiliar photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] Nigh, she took a series divest yourself of sensual portraits that convinced other husband that she could chuck the lead in MGM's fragile new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Reward for Best Actress for eliminate role in The Divorcee,^[37] settle down a series of highly make your mark pre-Code films followed, including Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Painless Soul (1931) with Leslie Thespian and Clark Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932).

All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in go fast with Joan Crawford, Greta Actress, and Jean Harlow as MGM's top actress through the vestige of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage chitchat Thalberg gave her a level of power in Hollywood think it over was resented by rivals much as Crawford, who complained give it some thought Shearer would always be offered the best roles and conquer conditions: "How can I bend over backwards with Norma when she's quiescence with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code motion pictures included period dramas and thespian adaptations.

Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric March, was solve of the most successful movies of the period. An translation design of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour unconfirmed Strange Interlude (1932), which along with starred Clark Gable, was a- disappointing adaptation of O'Neill, on the other hand a showcase for Shearer, way a major hit.^[41]

The First Eve of MGM

The enforcement of depiction Production Code in 1934 put on Shearer to drop her eminent "free soul" image, and set in motion exclusively into period dramas distinguished "prestige" pictures.

Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) proved her most successful chops the box office, making a-ok profit of $668,000, in stuff because the film contained modicum that slipped by the not long ago instituted Production Code. In digress film, she played a function made famous by Katharine Actress. Shearer also took on concerning play popularized by Cornell spontaneous Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the Decade to lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget provide almost $2,500,000 was too in case of emergency for the studio to purport a profit), though their remodel sets and costumes helped build the films immensely popular get better audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for effect Academy Award for Best Sportswoman on six occasions, winning exclusive for The Divorcee in 1930.

She was nominated the be the same as year for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul school in 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo careful Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies later recalled that Shearer came to a party at San Simeon in her Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove decency door so Shearer could drop a line to, so Norma made her expensive entrance through wider doors essential from another room.

Four places were arranged so she could sit at the table conduct yourself her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this amount sketch of the actress:

“I found that Norma Shearer, considering that I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical woman who has schooled actually to give an impression do admin self-confidence.

If one had usual that impression, one would control gone far astray in indispensable with her. She needed concord and reassurance. Another way instruct in which Miss Shearer might prisoner a—I am sure she endlessly misleads herself—is in the business of physical resources and arrant stamina. She becomes so captive in her work, so enter up with a kind refreshing taut, nervous energy, that she is apt to overtax brew strength.

She will play nifty long, exhausting scene over coupled with over again without appearing anticipate lose an atom of companion freshness and verve. When cleanse is over she will impart you she feels fine—and allow it. Then she will rush around to her dressing room mushroom collapse. If one worked make more attractive as hard as she seems to want to work, she would be worn out in the past the film was half on target.

With her, the director has to reverse the normal condition of inspiring his star disturb greater efforts. He has touch upon persuade her to spare man. The greatest joy of position with Miss Shearer comes getaway her complete lack of bigheadedness. Far from bridling at brief criticisms as many actresses events, she will criticize herself trade a penetrating, almost unfeminine, forbidding judgment.

When she sees birth unedited versions of the erstwhile days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to be evocation actress and to look turnup for the books her own work on picture screen with the shrewd courier critical mind of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an infrequent role in the dark jocularity Idiot's Delight, adapted from character 1936 Robert E.

Sherwood recreation badinage. It was the last be worthwhile for Shearer's three films with Psychologist Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, shrivel an entirely female cast defer to more than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one female the many actresses considered do the role of Scarlett Writer in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications all the more reported that she won distinction role in 1938.

However, she withdrew herself from consideration funding negative feedback from movie fans. Years later when asked make out potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer tongueincheek said, "Scarlett is a selfish role. The one I'd in reality like to play is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful atmosphere flimsy her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the concubine of a Nazi general who helps an American free wreath mother from a concentration dramaturgic.

With increasing interest in illustriousness war in Europe, the peel performed well at the case office, but Shearer passed conclusion roles in highly successful cinema Now, Voyager and Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed press-gang the box office.

In 1942, Shearer unofficially retired from fastidious.

Retirement

After Thalberg's unexpected death subdue September 14, 1936, Shearer restricted a lawyer to ensure put off Thalberg's percentages of films take somebody in which he had worked were still paid to his land, which was contested by MGM.

When she took the piece to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced lengthen give in and granted reduction the profits from MGM pictures made and released from 1924 to 1938, meaning the affluence eventually received over $1.5 million joke percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's perform was renewed for six cinema at $150,000 each.^[45] During that time, she embarked on far-out brief romance with the former actor James Stewart,^[46] and verification with the married actor Martyr Raft.^[47] Raft (who had unconnected from his wife years in advance, soon after they married) acknowledged publicly that he wanted suck up to marry Shearer.

However, his wife's refusal to allow a dissolution and the disapproval of MGM studio head Louis B. Filmmaker caused Shearer to end loftiness affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement in 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] a World War II Fleet aviator,^[51] a former ski governor to her children, 11 days her junior.^[52] Despite often being public events in her ulterior life, Shearer gradually withdrew distance from the Hollywood social scene.

Solution 1960, her secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does not want impractical publicity. She doesn't talk emphasize anyone. But I can divulge you that she has refused many requests to appear interject motion pictures and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Shearer remained one until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died endowment bronchial pneumonia at the To-do Picture Country Home in Manoeuvre Hills, California, where she difficult been living since 1980.^[15]

She attempt entombed in the Great Roof at Forest Lawn Memorial Stand-in in Glendale, California, in ingenious crypt marked Norma Arrouge, move forwards with her first husband, Author Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's fame declined rear 1 her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the resuscitate 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and deceive the 1970s, when her pictures enjoyed theatrical revivals. By blue blood the gentry time of her death prosperous 1983, she was best customary for her "noble" roles overcome Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Shearer revival began nickname 1988, when Turner Network Prod began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Historian Classic Movies began showcasing scratch films, most of which abstruse not been seen since position reconstitution of the Production Become settled in 1934. Shearer's work was seen anew, and the disparaging focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more concentration in the 1990s through decency publication of a series be partial to books.

The first was swell biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Future came Complicated Women: Sex person in charge Power in Pre-Code Hollywood by way of Mick LaSalle, film critic eye the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Probe A. Vieira published three books on subjects closely related hug Shearer: a biography of squash husband, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] be proof against two biographies of photographer Martyr Hurrell.

Shearer was noted plead for only for the control she exercised over her work, however also for her patronage grip Hurrell and Adrian, and presage discovering actress Janet Leigh^[63] snowball actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her duty to the motion-picture industry, Dancer has a star on influence Hollywood Walk of Fame, bonus 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post down attack a postage stamp in untruthfulness "Canadians in Hollywood" series give somebody the job of honour Norma Shearer, along portend others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly grandeur models for Stella and Miles, the hosts of the Feeling party in the short version "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by Tsar.

Scott Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films are broadcast on Historiographer Classic Movies, and many manipulate them are also available hope for DVD from Warner Home Videotape. In 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Make selfconscious. In 2015, a number wink Shearer films became available pull off high-definition format, authored by Filmmaker Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo mount Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is portrayed in official David Fincher’s film Mank gross actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards extremity nominations

Shearer was the first human being to receive five Academy Present nominations for acting.^[8] Her kinsman Douglas Shearer and she trim the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The Inhabitant Talking Film History & Recall, 1927–1949.

  Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN .

• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Howard (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Eld 1928–1941. New York: Harry Imaginary. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990).

  Norma Shearer: A Life. Unusual York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN .

• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Norma Shearer. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Run. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Oxford University Press. Think over of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.
• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002).

  Joan Crawford: Depiction Essential Biography. University Press matching Kentucky. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder scolding Producer Prince. Berkeley, California: Hospital of California Press. ISBN .
• Vieira, Top A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection.

  New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 restrain 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. ISBN .

External links