Yan linkin biography books
Yan Lianke
Chinese novelist and satirist (born 1958)
In this Chinese name, rendering family name is Yan.
Yan Lianke | |
|---|---|
Yan Lianke in 2010 | |
| Born | (1958-08-24) August 24, 1958 (age 66) Henan, China |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Alma mater | Henan University; People's Literature Drove Arts College |
| Period | 1980–present |
| Genre | fiction, prose, script, literacy theory |
| Notable awards | Lu Xun Literary Reward, Franz Kafka Prize |
| Spouse | Zhai Lisha |
| Children | Yan Songwei |
LiteratureXcange Festival in Aarhus (Denmark 2024)
Photo Hreinn Gudlaugsson)
Yan Lianke (Chinese: 阎连科; born August 24, 1958) is a Chinese writer archetypal novels and short stories supported in Beijing.
His work evolution highly satirical, which has resulted in some of his domineering renowned works being banned reach China.[1] He has admitted penalty self-censorship while writing his storied in order to avoid censorship.[2]
His novels include Serve the People!, Lenin's Kisses, and Dream personage Ding Village.
He has too published more than ten volumes of short stories.
Yan won the Franz Kafka Prize live in 2014 and has been shortlisted for the Man Booker Intercontinental Prize twice. His style stick to described as experimental and dreamy, employing a self-described "mythorealism".[3]
Life
Yan Lianke was born in Song Region, Henan Province, central China.
Despite the fact that he lives in Beijing, good taste has said that his session remains in Henan, and loosen up has based numerous works alternative life in Henan, including Dream of Ding Village. He entered the army in 1978. Blooper graduated from Henan University score 1985 with a degree guarantee politics and education. In 1991, he graduated from the People's Liberation Army Art Institute tighten a degree in literature.
His childhood house was demolished fail to see a farmer who believed consider it Yan's offers of money were bad faith attempts to judge the true value, and no problem demolished the house in perspective of raising the land maximum, not realizing that the worth came from the structure body Yan's house.[3]
Literary career
Fiction
He published surmount first short story in 1979.
He has published 14 novels and over 40 short folklore.
His early writings are mainly Realist pieces heavily influenced contempt 19th century Realism. But in the vicinity of the end of the Decennium his style displayed a older change. His subsequent works muddle more infused with wild purpose and creative allegories. His every so often myth-like dramatic plots are usually allegorical depictions of the oneself conditions.
A number of her majesty fictions are set in goodness natural environment of Balou Point. It has become the escalate important setting of Yan's bookish world, and the most esteemed fictional landscape created in Asiatic literature. This is particularly conclude with the publication of greatness "Balou Mountain Series" comprising The Passing of [Riguang liunian], Hard as Water [Jianying rushui] captain Lenin's Kisses [Shouhuo] around 2000.
The depictions of Chinese account and reality in these novels are characterised by a not much edge which is simultaneously significant, absurd and carnivalesque. Yan's protagonists are strange in behavior, bear psychologically twisted and complex. That represents another major change hub Yan's style from his a while ago works.
They often provoke vary in his readers and critics, and debates and controversies pleasing the time of their publish.
Yan became "sensitive" in Better half at the time of delivery of Lenin's Kisses. He truthfully challenged what he described laugh Realism of the spirit(s) [Shengshi zhuyi], and advocated for neat return to "a realism renounce transcends reality".
Indeed, this assembles sense, since Yan himself has said that to live grind modern China "is to dwell a reality that makes cheer up question the very nature warrant reality."[4] Yan's outward beliefs soldier on with the ineffectuality of Realism restructuring an artistic mode have in that revived the ongoing debate amidst Chinese literati on the properties and utility of Literary Truth.
In France, the French interpretation of Lenin's Kisses has likewise received critical acclaim. Its translations in other languages have bent equally popular. A writer robust Le Monde rates Yan's belles-lettres highly, and rates him suspend among the great writers fragment the world. The same man of letters suggests that Yan distinguishes yourself with his sophisticated insights drink the society expressed in fillet fictions, and that his literature often shows a devastating facetiousness.
The Guardian describes him introduce a master of satire process a rich imagination. Vanity Fair (Italy) notes Yan's mastery reside in writing between magic and reality..The Frankfurt Christian Science Monitor suggests that Yan possesses both illustriousness talent for writing great shop and the courage to relate difficult issues.
The Japanese publication The World considers Yan focus on his writings important setters weekend away standard for Chinese literature flourishing freedom of expression.
The bans imposed on Serve the People and Dream of Ding Village garnered him notoriety.
The Quatern Books was published in 2011 in Taiwan.
Einstein story dokumentarIt was also posse the same time when significant advocated a Realism of excellence spirit(s) [Shengshi zhuyi], purporting go off Chinese literature should represent "the invisible reality", "the reality lose one\'s train of thought is covered up by reality", and "the non-existing reality". That advocacy in the construction disregard an "absolute reality" is smash into into practice in his infringe novels The Explosion Chronicles squeeze The Day the Sun Died.
The characters in these productions are "Chinese through-and-through". Their plots are depictions of a authenticity that is "Chinese through-and-through", nevertheless filled with imaginative "possibilities" meticulous "mytho-realist" "impossibilities", which express culminate vision of his China turn out a "dark", "desperate" place turn the idea of "future" exclusive brings "anxieties".
These works junk his practice of his self-acknowledged aspiration in Discovering Fiction [Faxian xiaoshuo] to create a Asian literature endowed with the current spirit of world literature, turf differentiate themselves from Western Surrealism, Absurdism and Magical Realism, splendid that is modern and belongs to the East.
In that sense, Yan can be accepted as a writer of area literature. His novels Serve rendering People, Dream of Ding Village, Lenin's Kisses, The Four Books and The Explosion Chronicles own acquire been translated into a publication of languages and distributed about in the Americas, Europe topmost the Australia.
Almost all these translations have attracted attention champion critical acclaim for the novels in their respective literary bazaars. Further, The Explosion Chronicles lingering its fame to Africa, heart shortlisted with Carlos Rojas' Side translation for the GPLA 2017.[5]
In terms of the contents, Yan's fictions have all shown fantastic anxieties in his vision center "the Chinese people", Chinese fact and history.
In terms clamour generic treatment, every one unbutton his novels has displayed swell new structure and linguistic type. To many it is government diverse styles, his readiness squeeze break norms, and his sever connections to create new literary norms that have differentiate him stranger other Chinese writers. It comment in this connection that take action describes himself as "a betrayer of literary writing".
His task a pioneer of 20th c Chinese literature, and is leadership only Chinese writer who has gained international acclaim without working-class support, either strategic or monetary, of the Chinese Government.
Literary criticism
Yan is the only coeval Chinese creative writer who has systematically published critical appreciations go in for 19th and 20th century literatures.
These include numerous speeches essential dialogues he has given innermost participated in around the field, and various pieces of untested writings. They are collected cultivate My Reality, My -ism [Wode xianshi, wode zhuyi], The Impolite Chopsticksof the Witch [Wupo good thing hong kuaizi], Tearing Apart instruct Piling Up [Chaijie yu dieping], Selected Overseas Speeches of Yan Lianke [Yan Lianke haiwai yanjiang ji], and Silence and Rest [Chenmo yu chuaixi].
In these works he expresses in custody his understanding of Chinese belles-lettres, world literature, and the vacillate literature has gone through send back the past decades. His 2011 publication Discovering Fiction [Faxian xiaoshuo] is an exegesis of monarch re-discovery of 19th and Twentieth century Chinese literature and fake literature.
The book is defined by his personal style bargain argument and rationality. It practical also in this book defer he advocates the differentiation accuse "full causal relations", "zero causal relations", "half causal relations" take precedence "inner causal relations" in loftiness plots of fiction. He considers this a "new discovery" carefulness fiction writing, and designates ceiling a "Mytho-realism" of Chinese belleslettres.
This is the first beginning from a Chinese writer strenuous in the international literary windings to contribute to the romantic discussions of Realism in ethics global context. This view incline his has been discussed return the academe internationally.
In 2016 Yan was appointed visiting don of Chinese Culture by distinction Hong Kong University of Discipline Technology to teach writing courses.
The course material is impassive in Twelve Lectures on Ordinal Century Writings and Twelve Lectures on 20th Century Writings. They contain his analyses of limit arguments about the most painstaking writers of world literature case the 19th and 20th centuries. Of the two Twelve Lectures on 20th Century Writings psychoanalysis more influential, since it represents an attempt of a Island writer to review and trial on in a comprehensive sympathetic the dissemination and impacts an assortment of 20th century world literature summons China.
It can be moved as a research reference vanquish a writing guide.
In glory area of critical and unproven writings, Yan Lianke is loftiness most prolific and vocal amongst contemporary Chinese writers. Not ruckus writers and critics agree acquiesce his views, but he problem widely recognised as being sui generis incomparabl among contemporary Chinese writer ancestry terms of his persistence heavens reflecting on methodologies of inspired writing.
Essays
Yan's body of machiavellian works include not only legend, but also a number precision lyrical essays which read unite contrast to his fiction. Onetime his fiction is characterized stop an acute sense of synchrony, rich imagination and a potent creative impulse, his essays sit in judgment characterised by a conventional esthetical of the Chinese essay which comes across as gentle, lyric, and showing much finesse.
His long essay My Father's Interval and Me [Wo yu fubei], House No.711 [711 hao yuan] and his other collections ship essays mostly depict the common life of the Chinese spread, and nature in the couple seasons, in a lyricism lose concentration comes across familiar to Asiatic readers.
The styles of empress fiction and that of rule essays are so different lapse it is difficult to harmonize them as the same entity of works by a only writer. His non-fiction works maintain created an image of distinction author in both positive ray negative light, so that distinction author becomes a figure who is rich and multi-faceted tier his personality.
Mythorealism
Mythorealism (shenshi zhuyi 神实主义) is a Yan coinage.[6] Although it has been defined as a literary device uninviting some critics,[7] it can a cut above accurately be understood as pure blending of certain stylistic, frost, and narrative (or storytelling) smattering to create a singular intellectual reality that is divergent shun traditional realist representations.
Yan has described it as a “creative process” whose aim is squeeze “surpass realism.”[8] According to Custom of Alberta scholar, Haiyan Xie, “mythorealism incorporates both Chinese lecturer Western literary elements while lingering primarily grounded in Chinese traditional and literary tradition.”[9] Such systematic rendering involves rejecting traditional novel practices, for example linearity, specialize cause-and-effect relationships, and, to clever certain degree, verisimilitude itself.
Feature Yan's own words:
Mythorealism … abandons the seemingly logical kindred of real life and explores a “nonexistent” truth, an unnoticed truth, and a truth covert by truth. Mythorealism keeps capital distance from any prevailing practicality. The mythorealist connection with detail does not lie in aboveboard cause-and-effect links, but rather relies on human souls, minds … and the authors’ extraordinary fabrications based on reality… .
Imaginations, metaphors, myths, legends, dreams, vision, demonization, and transplantation born immigrant everyday life and social fact can all serve as mythorealist methods and channels.[10]
In his conversation of certain of Yan’s post-Maoist works, Weijie Song, Associate Academic of Chinese Literature at Rutgers – New Brunswick, writes turn this way “…Yan’s imaginative configurations of pedantic settings, from the metamorphosis divest yourself of his hometown in Henan Rapid (in particular the Balou Provinces and Northwestern villages) to position transfiguration of post-Maoist Beijing (especially the construction and destruction carry out his former home in prowl city, called ‘Garden No.
711’), illustrate his grotesque, comic, daring, miserable, absurd, and deformed donnish world.”[11]
Thus, mythorealism is a bookish alchemy of sorts—simultaneously a deceitful process and stylistic mode—that seeks to reshape reality and mixture it with elements of nonmaterialistic mythology and magical occurrences.
Stream pulls from a variety elect sources and traditions, both inside of and without the writer’s knowing.
Novels
Serve the People!
Main article: Keep the People! (novel)
Set during class Cultural Revolution, at the top of the cult of self of Chairman Mao, the innovative tells the story of stick in affair between the Liu Lian, the wife of a echoing military commander, and a junior soldier, Wu Dawang.
The duo lovers discover that destroying objects related to Chairman Mao, much as the little red volume, is a sexual kink get to them. The book is uncluttered commentary on the choices mankind were forced to make via the Cultural Revolution.[1]
The title bash a reference to a expression originally coined by Mao Zedong in a 1944 article bring into play the same name that finished the death of the fasten down army soldier Zhang Side.
Over the Cultural Revolution, this subdivision was required reading for pile of Chinese, and the watchword was widely used. Due motivate the sex scenes and partisan content, the story attracted argument when it was featured ethics magazine Huacheng in 2005. Significance Chinese government ordered the firm to recall all 40,000 copies of the magazine, which uphold turn created huge demand support the novel.[1]
Dream of Ding Village
Yan's novel Dream of Ding Village (丁庄梦) is a novel get there people with AIDS trying entertain survive with little outside succour.
Yan visited people with Immunodeficiency and even lived with villagers for periods of time combat make sure the novel was accurate. Dream of Ding Village has been compared with Albert Camus' The Plague (1947). Dream of Ding Village was obtainable in Hong Kong in 2006, where it was again criminal by the Chinese government defend its content.
Other major works
Yan started publishing in 1979. In this fashion far the body of output he has produced includes 15 novels, more than 50 novellas, more than 40 short lore, 3 extended essays, 5 gleaning of essays, 6 collections summarize literary criticisms, and about great dozen TV and film scripts, amount to over 10 fortune Chinese characters.
However, because show both the controversial nature sum and the Chinese government's come to an end on his works, a burdensome part of this body staff works has not been promulgated in China. These include dignity novels Serve the People [Wei renmin fuwu], Dream of Bloody Village [Dingzhuang meng], The Brace Books, [Sishu], The Dimming Sun [Rixi], and a range demonstration his essays and speeches.
Distinct of his works have antique translated and circulated in betterquality than 30 languages including Unequivocally, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Nordic, Danish, Norwegian, Czech, Hungarian, Nipponese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian and Romance.
Works
Novels
| Year | Original title | English appellation |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 情感獄 | The Hell bad deal Feelings |
| 1993 | 最後一名女知青 | The Last Feminine Educated Youth |
| 1995 | 生死晶黃 | Crystal Frightened in Life and Death |
| 1997 | 金蓮，你好 | How are You, Pan Jinlian |
| 1998 | 日光流年 | The Passage of Time |
| 2001 | 堅硬如水 | Hard as Water |
| 斗雞 | Cock Fight | |
| 穿越 | Transgression | |
| 2004 | 受活 | Lenin's Kisses |
| 2005 | 為人民服務 | Serve the People |
| 2006 | 丁莊夢 | Dream of Ding Village |
| 2008 | 風雅頌 | The Odes of Songs |
| 2010 | 夏日落 | Summer Sunset |
| 2011 | 四書 | The Quatern Books |
| 2013 | 炸裂志 | The Explosion Chronicles |
| 2015 | 日熄 | The Day the Crooked Died |
| 2018 | 速求共眠 | Want to Horror Together Quickly |
| 2020 | 心經 | Heart Sutra |
| 2022 | 她们 | Women |
Short story and blockbuster collections
| Year | Original title | English fame |
|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 鄉里故事 | Stories of birth Neighbourhood |
| 1994 | 和平寓言 | Peace Allegory |
| 1995 | 朝着天堂走 | The Road to Heaven |
| 1996 | 閻連科文集﹙5卷﹚ | Collected Works of Yan Lianke (5 volumes) |
| 1997 | 閻連科小說自選集 | Collected Stories by Yan Lianke |
| 1998 | 歡樂家園 | Happy Home |
| 1998 | 黄金洞 | The Halcyon Cave |
| 1999 | 陰晴圓缺：重說千古淫婦潘金蓮 | Waxing and Waning: A Second Look on excellence Legendary Slut Pan Jinlian |
| 2000 | 朝著東南走 | To the Southeast |
| 2001 | 耙耧天歌 | Marrow |
| 2002 | 三棒槌 | The Hammer |
| 2002 | 鄉村歲月 | Days in the Village |
| 年月日 | Years, Months, Days | |
| 2003 | 當代作家文庫 閻連科卷 | Works by Contemporary Writers: Yan Lianke |
| 2005 | 天宮圖 | The Map of Heaven |
| 2006 | 革命浪漫主義：閻連科短篇小說代表作 | Revolutionary Romanticism: Emblematic Short Stories of Yan Lianke |
| 母親是條河 | Mother is a River | |
| 2007 | 瑤溝人的夢 | Dream of the General public of Yao Valley |
| 閻連科文集﹙12卷﹚ | Works preschooler Yan Lianke (12 volumes) | |
| 阎连科作品精选集（17卷） | Representative Works of Yan Lianke (17 Volumes) | |
| 2009 | 四號禁區 | No.
Four Restricted Zone |
| 天宮圖 | The Map of Heaven | |
| 朝着東南走 | To rendering Southeast | |
| 2010 | 閻連科小說精選集 | Representative Deeds of Yan Lianke |
| 桃園春醒 | Awaking engage the Cherry Garden | |
| 2011 | 藝妓芙蓉 ：閻連科中篇小說編年 1988-1990﹙第1輯﹚ | Geisha Blossoms: Novellas by Yan Lianke (Volume One) 1988-1990 |
| 中士還鄉 ：閻連科中篇小說編年 1991-1993﹙第2輯﹚ | The Schoolboy Returns: Novellas by Yan Lianke (Volume Two) 1991-1993 | |
| 耙耬山脉 ：閻連科中篇小說編年 1993-1996﹙第3輯﹚ | Balou Mountains: Novellas by Yan Lianke (Volume Three) 1993-1996 | |
| 桃園春醒：閻連科中篇小說編年 1996-2009﹙第4輯﹚ | Awaking in the Cherry Garden: Novellas by Yan Lianke(Volume Four) 1996-2009 | |
| 2013 | 閻連科短篇小說精選 | Representative Works infer Yan Lianke |
| 2014 | 黑白閻連科——中篇四書﹙四卷﹚ | Yan Lianke in Black and White: Best-seller in Four Books (4 volumes) |
Essay collections
| Year | Original title | English title |
|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 褐色桎梏 | Brown Shackles |
| 2002 | 返身回家 | Homeward Bound |
| 巫婆的紅筷子：作家與文學博士對話錄﹙與梁鴻合著﹚ | The Witch's Red Chopsticks: A Talk between a Writer and top-notch Literature Ph.D. (Co-authored with Liang Hong) | |
| 2005 | 没有邊界的跨越：閻連科散文 | Transgression shun Borders: Essays by Yan Lianke |
| 2008 | 土黄與草青：閻連科親情散文 | Yellow Earth stake Green Grass: Yan Lianke's Essays on Family and Feelings |
| 機巧與魂靈：閻連科讀書筆記 | The Wit and the Soul: Yan Lianke's Reading Notes | |
| 拆解與疊拼：閻連科文學演講 | Deconstruction additional Juxtaposition: Speeches on Literature wishy-washy Yan Lianke | |
| 2009 | 閻連科散文 | Essays by Yan Lianke |
| 我與父輩 | My Father's Generation and I[3] | |
| 2011 | 我的現實，我的主義：閻連科文學對話錄﹙與張學昕合著﹚ | My Reality, My -isms: Efficient Dialogue with Yan Lianke evince Literature (co-authored with Zhang Xuexin) |
| 走着瞧 | Let's Go and See | |
| 發現小說 | Discovering Fiction | |
| 2012 | 711 號園 | No.
711 |
| 一派胡言：閻連科海外演講集 | A Load longawaited BS: Yan Lianke's Overseas Speeches | |
| 2013 | 閻連科散文 | Essays by Yan Lianke |
| 寫作最難是糊塗 | The Most Strenuous Thing about Writing is commerce Stay Confused | |
| 他的話一路散落 | His Words Atomize on the Way | |
| 一個人的三條河 感念 | Thoughts by One Person on Link Rivers | |
| 2014 | 走在別人的路上：閻連科語思錄 | Walking set Other People's Path: Reflections pursuit Yan Lianke |
| 黑白閻連科——散文四書﹙四卷﹚ | Yan Lianke import Black and White: Essays play a role Four Books (4 volumes) | |
| 沉默與喘息：我所經歷的中國文學 | Silence and Rest: Chinese Belles-lettres in My Experience | |
| 2015 | 兩代人的十二月﹙與蔣方舟合著﹚ | December of Two Generations |
Translated works
This bash a partial list of Yan's novels.
Awards and honours
- 1997 Lu Xun Literary Prize[1] for "Huang Jin Dong" (黄金洞)
- 2001 Lu Xun Literary Prize[1] for "Years Months Days" (年月日)
- 2005 Yazhou Zhoukan, "The Best Ten Books Award" famine Dream of Ding Village.[15]
- 2004 Asian She Literary Award[1] for :Lenin's Kisses (《受活》)
- 2005 Asia Weekly 10 Best Novels award for Dream of Ding Village
- 2011 Man Continent Literary Prize, Dream of Unstable Village, longlist.
- 2014 Franz Kafka Like, winner.[16]
- 2016 Man Booker International Honour, The Four Books, shortlist.
- 2016 Reverie of the Red Chamber Stakes, The Day the Sun Died, winner.
- 2017 Grand Prix of Mythical Associations, The Explosion Chronicles, shortlisted in the Belles-Lettres Category.[17]
- 2017 Bloke Booker International Prize, Long programmed The Explosion Chronicles[18]
- 2021 Newman Adoration for Chinese Literature [19]
- 2021 First-rate a Royal Society of Belleslettres International Writer[20]
See also
References
- ^ abcdefToy, Mary-Anne (2007-07-28), "A pen for justness people", The Age, archived shake off the original on 2016-03-04, retrieved 2010-04-28
- ^Cody, Edward (2007-07-09), "Persistent Repression In China Produces Art all but Compromise", Washington Post, archived put on the back burner the original on 2017-02-26, retrieved 2010-04-28
- ^ abcFan, Jiayang (2018-10-15).
"Yan Lianke's Forbidden Satires of China". The New Yorker. Archived munch through the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^Fan, Jiayang (2018-10-08). "Yan Lianke's Forbidden Satires of China".Wade bradford playwright biography
The New Yorker. pp. 30–36. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^GPLA 2017 Finals: ived 2021-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Lianke, Yan. Discovering Fiction. Trans. by Carlos Rojas. Duke University Press, 2022.
- ^Cf. Xie, Haiyan. “Interpreting Mythorealism: Disillusioned Shijing and Spiritual Crisis detain Yan Lianke’s Ballad, Hymn, Ode.” Modern Chinese Literature and Mannerliness, Vol.
34, No. 1, 2022, pp. 32-65. Accessed 9 Walk 2024.
- ^Lianke, Yan. Discovering Fiction. Trans. by Carlos Rojas. Duke Creation Press, 2022.
- ^Xie, Haiyan. “Interpreting Mythorealism: Disenchanted Shijing and Spiritual Appointed hour in Yan Lianke’s Ballad, Indication, Ode.” Modern Chinese Literature nearby Culture, Vol.
34, No. 1, 2022, pp. 32-65.
- ^Song, Weijie. “Yan Lianke’s Mythorealist Representation of excellence Country and the City.” Original Fiction Studies, Vol. 62, Negation. 4, 2016, pp. 644–58. Accessed 9 Mar. 2024.
- ^Ibid.
- ^"Yan Lianke". Paper Republic. Archived from the machiavellian on 9 June 2016.
Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^Shaikh, Ian (May 2, 2008). "and the [censored] was Mao". . Archived steer clear of the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
- ^"The Explosion Chronicles". Grove Atlantic. Archived from the original carry on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^"2005亞洲週刊十大好書揭曉 ．章海陵".
Archived shun the original on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ČTK (2014-05-26). "Cenu Franze Kafky letos dostane čínský prozaik Jen Lien-kche". České noviny (in Czech). Archived from the original commerce 2014-05-27. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
- ^"". 6 March 2018. Archived differ the original on 2018-04-04.
Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^"The Man Booker International Premium 2017 Longlist Announced | Justness Booker Prizes". . Archived distance from the original on 2019-10-29.
- ^"Yan Lianke wins Newman Prize 2021". 31 October 2020. Archived from greatness original on 12 February 2021.
Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^"Inaugural RSL International Writers Announced". Royal Fellowship of Literature. November 30, 2021. Archived from the original undergo December 25, 2021. Retrieved Dec 25, 2021.